61 research outputs found
'Dressage Is Full of Queens!' Masculinity, Sexuality and Equestrian Sport
Attitudes towards sexuality are changing and levels of cultural homophobia decreasing, yet there remain very few openly gay men within sport. As a proving ground for heteromasculinity, sport has traditionally been a hostile environment for gay men. This article is based on an ethnographic study within a sporting subworld in which gay men do appear to be accepted: equestrian sport. Drawing on inclusive masculinity theory, equestrian sport is shown to offer an unusually tolerant environment for gay men in which heterosexual men of all ages demonstrate low levels of homophobia. Inclusive masculinity theory is a useful framework for exploring the changing nature of masculinities and this study demonstrates that gay men are becoming increasingly visible and accepted within once unreceptive locales, such as sport and rural communities. However, this more tolerant attitude is purchased at the expense of a subordinated feminine Other, perpetuating the dominance of men within competitive sport. © The Author(s) 2012
Dual career couples in academia, international mobility and dual career services in Europe
The number of dual career couples in academia is growing due to the increasing proportion of women with a doctoral degree and the greater propensity of women to choose another academic as their partner. At the same time, international mobility is required for career advancement in academia creating challenges for dual career couples where both partners pursue careers. This paper has two objectives: a) to raise the increasingly important issue of dual career couples in academia and the gendered effect that the pressure for mobility has on career advancement and work-life interference, and b) to present examples of recently established dual career services of higher education institutions in Germany, Denmark and Switzerland, responding to the needs of the growing population of dual career couples. Due to long established practices of dual career services in the US, the European examples will be compared with US practices. This paper raises the significance of considering dual career couples in institutional policies that aim for an internationally excellent and diversified academic workforce. It will appraise dual career services according to whether they reinforce or address gender inequalities and provide recommendations to HEIs interested in developing services and programmes for dual career couples
Analysis methods for the first KATRIN neutrino-mass measurement
We report on the dataset, data handling, and detailed analysis techniques of the first neutrino-mass measurement by the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, which probes the absolute neutrino-mass scale via the ÎČ-decay kinematics of molecular tritium. The source is highly pure, cryogenic T2 gas. The ÎČ electrons are guided along magnetic field lines toward a high-resolution, integrating spectrometer for energy analysis. A silicon detector counts ÎČ electrons above the energy threshold of the spectrometer, so that a scan of the thresholds produces a precise measurement of the high-energy spectral tail. After detailed theoretical studies, simulations, and commissioning measurements, extending from the molecular final-state distribution to inelastic scattering in the source to subtleties of the electromagnetic fields, our independent, blind analyses allow us to set an upper limit of 1.1 eV on the neutrino-mass scale at a 90% confidence level. This first result, based on a few weeks of running at a reduced source intensity and dominated by statistical uncertainty, improves on prior limits by nearly a factor of two. This result establishes an analysis framework for future KATRIN measurements, and provides important input to both particle theory and cosmology
Precision measurement of the electron energy-loss function in tritium and deuterium gas for the KATRIN experiment
The KATRIN experiment is designed for a direct and model-independent
determination of the effective electron anti-neutrino mass via a high-precision
measurement of the tritium -decay endpoint region with a sensitivity on
of 0.2eV/c (90% CL). For this purpose, the -electrons
from a high-luminosity windowless gaseous tritium source traversing an
electrostatic retarding spectrometer are counted to obtain an integral spectrum
around the endpoint energy of 18.6keV. A dominant systematic effect of the
response of the experimental setup is the energy loss of -electrons from
elastic and inelastic scattering off tritium molecules within the source. We
determined the \linebreak energy-loss function in-situ with a pulsed
angular-selective and monoenergetic photoelectron source at various
tritium-source densities. The data was recorded in integral and differential
modes; the latter was achieved by using a novel time-of-flight technique.
We developed a semi-empirical parametrization for the energy-loss function
for the scattering of 18.6-keV electrons from hydrogen isotopologs. This model
was fit to measurement data with a 95% T gas mixture at 30K, as used in
the first KATRIN neutrino mass analyses, as well as a D gas mixture of 96%
purity used in KATRIN commissioning runs. The achieved precision on the
energy-loss function has abated the corresponding uncertainty of
[arXiv:2101.05253] in the KATRIN
neutrino-mass measurement to a subdominant level.Comment: 12 figures, 18 pages; to be submitted to EPJ
Improved eV-scale sterile-neutrino constraints from the second KATRIN measurement campaign
We present the results of the light sterile neutrino search from the second Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) measurement campaign in 2019. Approaching nominal activity, 3.76Ă106 tritium ÎČ-electrons are analyzed in an energy window extending down to 40 eV below the tritium end point at E0=18.57ââkeV. We consider the 3Îœ+1 framework with three active and one sterile neutrino flavors. The analysis is sensitive to a fourth mass eigenstate m24âČ1600ââeV2 and active-to-sterile mixing |Ue4|2âł6Ă10â3. As no sterile-neutrino signal was observed, we provide improved exclusion contours on m24 and |Ue4|2 at 95% C.L. Our results supersede the limits from the Mainz and Troitsk experiments. Furthermore, we are able to exclude the large Îm241 solutions of the reactor antineutrino and gallium anomalies to a great extent. The latter has recently been reaffirmed by the BEST Collaboration and could be explained by a sterile neutrino with large mixing. While the remaining solutions at small Îm241 are mostly excluded by short-baseline reactor experiments, KATRIN is the only ongoing laboratory experiment to be sensitive to relevant solutions at large Îm241 through a robust spectral shape analysis
New Constraint on the Local Relic Neutrino Background Overdensity with the First KATRIN Data Runs
We report on the direct cosmic relic neutrino background search from the
first two science runs of the KATRIN experiment in 2019. Beta-decay electrons
from a high-purity molecular tritium gas source are analyzed by a
high-resolution MAC-E filter around the kinematic endpoint at 18.57 keV. The
analysis is sensitive to a local relic neutrino overdensity of 9.7e10 (1.1e11)
at a 90% (95%) confidence level. A fit of the integrated electron spectrum over
a narrow interval around the kinematic endpoint accounting for relic neutrino
captures in the Tritium source reveals no significant overdensity. This work
improves the results obtained by the previous kinematic neutrino mass
experiments at Los Alamos and Troitsk. We furthermore update the projected
final sensitivity of the KATRIN experiment to <1e10 at 90% confidence level, by
relying on updated operational conditions.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure
Quantitative Long-Term Monitoring of the Circulating Gases in the KATRIN Experiment Using Raman Spectroscopy
The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment aims at measuring the effective electron neutrino mass with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV/c, i.e., improving on previous measurements by an order of magnitude. Neutrino mass data taking with KATRIN commenced in early 2019, and after only a few weeks of data recording, analysis of these data showed the success of KATRIN, improving on the known neutrino mass limit by a factor of about two. This success very much could be ascribed to the fact that most of the system components met, or even surpassed, the required specifications during long-term operation. Here, we report on the performance of the laser Raman (LARA) monitoring system which provides continuous high-precision information on the gas composition injected into the experimentâs windowless gaseous tritium source (WGTS), specifically on its isotopic purity of tritiumâone of the key parameters required in the derivation of the electron neutrino mass. The concentrations c for all six hydrogen isotopologues were monitored simultaneously, with a measurement precision for individual components of the order 10 or better throughout the complete KATRIN data taking campaigns to date. From these, the tritium purity, ΔT, is derived with precision of <10 and trueness of <3 Ă 10, being within and surpassing the actual requirements for KATRIN, respectively
Exploring the attitudes towards homosexuality of a semi-professional Swedish football team with an openly gay teammate
Menâs contact teamsports, such as football, have historically been understood as a hostile environment for sexual minorities (Hekma, 1998; Parker, 1996; Pronger, 1990). In recent years, however, academic research has documented how teamsports have become increasingly progressive for gay athletes (Anderson, 2011; Anderson & McGuire, 2010; Magrath, Anderson & Roberts, 2015). As has been argued elsewhere in this collection (see Chapter 1 & Magrath & Cleland, Chapter XYZ), high levels of inclusivity have been especially evident in research on football (e.g. Adams, 2011; Adams & Anderson, 2012; Gaston, Magrath & Anderson, 2018; Magrath, 2017a, 2017b, 2018; Magrath, Anderson & Roberts, 2015; Roberts, Anderson & Magrath, 2017).
In this chapter, we aim to investigate the inclusive nature of the teammates of the second active professional footballer to come out, Anton HysĂšn. This was a unique opportunity as, historically, the majority of professional athletes wait until their retirement to announce their sexuality (e.g. Cleland, Magrath & Kian, 2018). HysĂšn is one of the few professional athletes who has âcome outâ whilst still playing professional sport, thus allowing the data to present a current reflection of acceptance rather than a historical account of how team members recall their level of acceptance. In this endeavor, we employed surveys to collect data from HysĂšnâs teammates, measuring the teamâs overall attitudes toward homosexuality; whilst also investigating if there were any socio-negative issues with having an openly gay athlete on the team. This chapter will focus on the male homosexuality and homophobia towards male athletes due the participants in this research being only men
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