UPPER BODY SEGMENT LENGTHS AS A PROPORTION OF HEIGHT IN CHILDREN

Most research studies in biomechanics directly measure body segment lengths via anthropometry or digitization of joint markers. There are circumstances in which estimating segment lengths in relation to height is desirable, such as in biomechanical modelling or in the classroom. One commonly used model for this purpose is that by Drillis and Contini (1966; cited in Winter, 2005). One problem with this model is that the initial data was derived from adults, and thus has potentially limited applicability to the study of biomechanics in children. The purpose of the present study was to compare actual selected upper body segment lengths measured via anthropometry to those predicted by Drillis and Contini and also to derive regression equations for those segment lengths based on height and age (separately for males and females)

Communication With Children and Families About Disaster: Reviewing Multi-disciplinary Literature 2015-2017

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To identify strategies for communicating with youth and children pre- and post-disaster in the context of a broader survey of child participation in disaster risk reduction as well as methods for communication with children. RECENT FINDINGS: Youth and children are capable of peer and community education and activism concerning disaster issues and such participation benefits the young actors. Family and sibling support are important in easing the impact of trauma on children. Contemporary forms of psychological first aid appear to do no harm and in line with current evidence. Generally, more evidence from evaluations is necessary to guide the development of communication strategies. Children are growing up in increasingly urban environments with less contact with nature and greater reliance on techno-social systems. Thus, young people may misunderstand natural hazards. Schools and conscious parenting can play important roles in building understanding and psychological resilience

Pinning Down Social Vulnerability to Climate Change in Sindh, Pakistan: From Narratives to Numbers, and Back Again

This paper reflects critically on the results of a vulnerability assessment process at the household and community scale using a quantitative vulnerabilities and capacities index. It validates a methodology for a social vulnerability assessment at the local scale in 62 villages across four agro‐ecological/livelihood zones in Sindh Province, Pakistan. The study finds that the move from vulnerability narratives to numbers improves the comparability and communicational strength of the concept. The depth and nuance of vulnerability, however, can be realised only by a return to narrative. Caution is needed, therefore: the index can be used in conjunction with qualitative assessments, but not instead of them. More substantively, the results show that vulnerability is more a function of historico‐political economic factors and cultural ethos than any biophysical changes wrought by climate. The emerging gendered vulnerability picture revealed extremes of poverty and a lack of capacity to cope with contemporary environmental and social stresses

Impact of culture towards disaster risk reduction

Number of natural disasters has risen sharply worldwide making the risk of disasters a global concern. These disasters have created significant losses and damages to humans, economy and society. Despite the losses and damages created by disasters, some individuals and communities do not attached much significance to natural disasters. Risk perception towards a disaster not only depends on the danger it could create but also the behaviour of the communities and individuals that is governed by their culture. Within this context, this study examines the relationship between culture and disaster risk reduction (DRR). A comprehensive literature review is used for the study to evaluate culture, its components and to analyse a series of case studies related to disaster risk. It was evident from the study that in some situations, culture has become a factor for the survival of the communities from disasters where as in some situations culture has acted as a barrier for effective DRR activities. The study suggests community based DRR activities as a mechanism to integrate with culture to effectively manage disaster risk

Pattern and Outcome of Chest Injuries at Bugando Medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania.

Chest injuries constitute a continuing challenge to the trauma or general surgeon practicing in developing countries. This study was conducted to outline the etiological spectrum, injury patterns and short term outcome of these injuries in our setting. This was a prospective study involving chest injury patients admitted to Bugando Medical Centre over a six-month period from November 2009 to April 2010 inclusive. A total of 150 chest injury patients were studied. Males outnumbered females by a ratio of 3.8:1. Their ages ranged from 1 to 80 years (mean = 32.17 years). The majority of patients (72.7%) sustained blunt injuries. Road traffic crush was the most common cause of injuries affecting 50.7% of patients. Chest wall wounds, hemothorax and rib fractures were the most common type of injuries accounting for 30.0%, 21.3% and 20.7% respectively. Associated injuries were noted in 56.0% of patients and head/neck (33.3%) and musculoskeletal regions (26.7%) were commonly affected. The majority of patients (55.3%) were treated successfully with non-operative approach. Underwater seal drainage was performed in 39 patients (19.3%). One patient (0.7%) underwent thoracotomy due to hemopericardium. Thirty nine patients (26.0%) had complications of which wound sepsis (14.7%) and complications of long bone fractures (12.0%) were the most common complications. The mean LOS was 13.17 days and mortality rate was 3.3%. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, associated injuries, the type of injury, trauma scores (ISS, RTS and PTS) were found to be significant predictors of the LOS (P < 0.001), whereas mortality was significantly associated with pre-morbid illness, associated injuries, trauma scores (ISS, RTS and PTS), the need for ICU admission and the presence of complications (P < 0.001). Chest injuries resulting from RTCs remain a major public health problem in this part of Tanzania. Urgent preventive measures targeting at reducing the occurrence of RTCs is necessary to reduce the incidence of chest injuries in this region

Backflow air and pressure analysis in emptying a pipeline containing an entrapped air pocket

[EN] The prediction of the pressure inside the air pocket in water pipelines has been the topic for a lot of research works. Several aspects in this field have been discussed, such as the filling and the emptying procedures. The emptying process can affect the safety and the efficiency of water systems. Current research presents an analysis of the emptying process using experimental and computational results. The phenomenon is simulated using the two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (2D CFD) and the one-dimensional mathematical (1D) models. A backflow air analysis is also provided based on CFD simulations. The developed models show good ability in the prediction of the sub-atmospheric pressure and the flow velocity in the system. In most of the cases, the 1D and 2D CFD models show similar performance in the prediction of the pressure and the velocity results. The backflow air development can be accurately explained using the CFD model.This work was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal under grant number PD/BD/114459/2016.Besharat, M.; Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Viseu, MT.; Ramos, HM. (2018). Backflow air and pressure analysis in emptying a pipeline containing an entrapped air pocket. Urban Water Journal. 15(8):769-779. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2018.1540711S769779158Benjamin, T. B. (1968). Gravity currents and related phenomena. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 31(2), 209-248. doi:10.1017/s0022112068000133Besharat, M., Teresa Viseu, M., & Ramos, H. (2017). Experimental Study of Air Vessel Behavior for Energy Storage or System Protection in Water Hammer Events. Water, 9(1), 63. doi:10.3390/w9010063Besharat, M., Tarinejad, R., & Ramos, H. M. (2015). The effect of water hammer on a confined air pocket towards flow energy storage system. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 65(2), 116-126. doi:10.2166/aqua.2015.081Besharat, M., Tarinejad, R., Aalami, M. T., & Ramos, H. M. (2016). Study of a Compressed Air Vessel for Controlling the Pressure Surge in Water Networks: CFD and Experimental Analysis. Water Resources Management, 30(8), 2687-2702. doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1310-1Coronado-Hernández, O., Fuertes-Miquel, V., Besharat, M., & Ramos, H. (2017). Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a Water Emptying Pipeline Using Different Air Valves. Water, 9(2), 98. doi:10.3390/w9020098Coronado-Hernández, O. E., Fuertes-Miquel, V. S., Besharat, M., & Ramos, H. M. (2018). Subatmospheric pressure in a water draining pipeline with an air pocket. Urban Water Journal, 15(4), 346-352. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2018.1475578Edmunds, R. C. (1979). Air Binding in Pipes. Journal - American Water Works Association, 71(5), 272-277. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1979.tb04348.xEscarameia, M. (2007). Investigating hydraulic removal of air from water pipelines. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management, 160(1), 25-34. doi:10.1680/wama.2007.160.1.25Izquierdo, J., Fuertes, V. S., Cabrera, E., Iglesias, P. L., & Garcia-Serra, J. (1999). Pipeline start-up with entrapped air. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 37(5), 579-590. doi:10.1080/00221689909498518Kader, B. A. (1981). Temperature and concentration profiles in fully turbulent boundary layers. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 24(9), 1541-1544. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(81)90220-9Laanearu, J., Annus, I., Koppel, T., Bergant, A., Vučković, S., Hou, Q., … van’t Westende, J. M. C. (2012). Emptying of Large-Scale Pipeline by Pressurized Air. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 138(12), 1090-1100. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000631Leon, A. S., Ghidaoui, M. S., Schmidt, A. R., & Garcia, M. H. (2010). A robust two-equation model for transient-mixed flows. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 48(1), 44-56. doi:10.1080/00221680903565911Martins, N. M. C., Delgado, J. N., Ramos, H. M., & Covas, D. I. C. (2017). Maximum transient pressures in a rapidly filling pipeline with entrapped air using a CFD model. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 55(4), 506-519. doi:10.1080/00221686.2016.1275046Martins, S. C., Ramos, H. M., & Almeida, A. B. (2015). Conceptual analogy for modelling entrapped air action in hydraulic systems. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 53(5), 678-686. doi:10.1080/00221686.2015.1077353Pozos, O., Gonzalez, C. A., Giesecke, J., Marx, W., & Rodal, E. A. (2010). Air entrapped in gravity pipeline systems. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 48(3), 338-347. doi:10.1080/00221686.2010.481839Ramezani, L., Karney, B., & Malekpour, A. (2016). Encouraging Effective Air Management in Water Pipelines: A Critical Review. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(12), 04016055. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000695Richards, R. T. (1962). Air Binding in Water Pipelines. Journal - American Water Works Association, 54(6), 719-730. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1962.tb00883.xTijsseling, A. S., Hou, Q., Bozkuş, Z., & Laanearu, J. (2015). Improved One-Dimensional Models for Rapid Emptying and Filling of Pipelines. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 138(3). doi:10.1115/1.4031508Triki, A. (2015). Water-hammer control in pressurized-pipe flow using an in-line polymeric short-section. Acta Mechanica, 227(3), 777-793. doi:10.1007/s00707-015-1493-1Vasconcelos, J. G., & Wright, S. J. (2008). Rapid Flow Startup in Filled Horizontal Pipelines. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134(7), 984-992. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2008)134:7(984)Wang, H., Zhou, L., Liu, D., Karney, B., Wang, P., Xia, L., … Xu, C. (2016). CFD Approach for Column Separation in Water Pipelines. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 142(10), 04016036. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001171Zhou, F., Hicks, F. E., & Steffler, P. M. (2002). Transient Flow in a Rapidly Filling Horizontal Pipe Containing Trapped Air. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 128(6), 625-634. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2002)128:6(625)Zhou, L., Liu, D., & Karney, B. (2013). Investigation of Hydraulic Transients of Two Entrapped Air Pockets in a Water Pipeline. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 139(9), 949-959. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000750Zhou, L., Liu, D., & Ou, C. (2011). Simulation of Flow Transients in a Water Filling Pipe Containing Entrapped Air Pocket with VOF Model. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 5(1), 127-140. doi:10.1080/19942060.2011.11015357Zhou, L., Wang, H., Karney, B., Liu, D., Wang, P., & Guo, S. (2018). Dynamic Behavior of Entrapped Air Pocket in a Water Filling Pipeline. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 144(8), 04018045. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001491Zukoski, E. E. (1966). Influence of viscosity, surface tension, and inclination angle on motion of long bubbles in closed tubes. 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Platelet-derived growth factor applications in periodontal and peri-implant bone regeneration

Introduction: Achieving successful tissue regeneration following traditional therapeutic protocols, combining bone grafts and barrier membranes, may be challenging in certain clinical scenarios. A deeper understanding of periodontal and peri-implant wound healing and recent advances in the field of tissue engineering have provided clinicians with novel means to obtain predictable clinical outcomes. The use of growth factors such as recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF) with biocompatible matrices to promote tissue regeneration represents a promising approach in the disciplines of periodontology and implantology. Areas covered: This review covers the basic principles of bone and periodontal regeneration, and provides an overview of the biology of PDGF and its potential to predictably and reproducibly promote bone regeneration in regular clinical practice. The results of preclinical and clinical human studies evaluating the effectiveness of growth-factor-enhanced matrices are analyzed and discussed. Expert opinion: Current available evidence supports the use of rhPDGF-enhanced matrices to promote periodontal and peri-implant bone regeneration

Community-Based Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans to Support Climate-Resilient Development in the Eastern African Highlands

Smallholder farmers in the Eastern African Highlands depend on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. Climate adaptation and sustainable development goals must be targeted in an integrated way to better match farmers’ realities and address local priorities and vulnerabilities in these areas. To support climate-resilient development in the Eastern African Highlands, 224 local stakeholders were engaged in the development of community-based climate change adaptation action plans for the Jimma Highlands in Ethiopia, Taita Hills in Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Participatory methods, high-resolution climate projections and the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP’s) guidelines were used in the design of these climate action plans with specific objectives to: 1) engage stakeholders to increase understanding of climate change impacts, adaptation options and their potential trade-offs, 2) build their capacities to design climate change adaptation projects, 3) empower stakeholders to identify existing vulnerabilities and enhance climate resilience and 4) strengthen networks to facilitate information access and sharing. Increased risk of water stress and reduction of agricultural productivity were the most frequently identified climate-change-induced problems in the three areas. The developed action plans target the underlying causes of these problems and describe sector-specific responses, activities, critical barriers and opportunities and support the National Adaptation Programmes of Action.Peer reviewe