Videobasiertes Lehrmodul im Fach Deutsch: Heterogenitätssensible Förderung des Textverstehens

Die Förderung des Textverstehens ist eine zentrale Aufgabe des Deutschunterrichts aller Schulstufen und -formen. Sie bedarf – vor allem mit Blick auf die unterschiedlichen sprachlichen, kognitiven und metakognitiven Voraussetzungen von Schüler*innen – einer auf Diagnose basierenden heterogenitätssensiblen Unterrichts- und Materialgestaltung. Dies setzt spezifische Kompetenzen der Deutschlehrkräfte voraus, die bereits in der ersten Lehrerbildungsphase angebahnt werden können. Hier setzt das videobasierte Lehrmodul an, das im Rahmen des Teilprojekts der Qualitätsoffensive Lehrerbildung Videobasierte Lehrmodule als Mittel der Theorie-Praxis-Reflexion an der WWU Münster konzipiert wurde. Durch die Analyse der im Lehrmodul einbezogenen Videosequenzen, die Good-Practice-Unterrichtsbeispiele zeigen, werden die Lehramtsstudierenden des Faches Deutsch nicht nur für verschiedene Möglichkeiten einer differenzierten Lernunterstützung im Lesestrategietraining sensibilisiert, sondern gezielt geschult, diese lernunterstützenden Maßnahmen zu erkennen, sie theoretisch zu verorten, ihre Wirkung zu reflektieren und mögliche Handlungsalternativen zu entwerfen. Dies zielt nicht zuletzt auch darauf, ihre Diagnose- und Reflexionskompetenzen zu stärken. Im folgenden Beitrag werden der konzeptuelle Rahmen des Lehrmoduls sowie dessen Ziele und Inhalte näher erläutert und die konkrete Umsetzung des Seminars, mit der die begründete Auswahl von Unterrichtsvideos, die Aufgabenkonstruktionen zur Videoanalyse sowie das methodische Vorgehen einhergehen, skizziert. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse der Evaluation, einer quasiexperimentellen Untersuchung an einer Stichprobe von insgesamt 77 Studierenden, wird abschließend das Potenzial des videobasierten Lehrmoduls diskutiert

Pre-service primary teachers’ shame experiences during their schooling time: characteristics and effects on their subject-choices at university

Emotions play an essential role in pre-service teachers’ competence development, particularly in mathematics. However, the emotion of shame in mathematics has been largely neglected so far. This article deals with shameful experiences of pre-service primary school teachers during their mathematical education at school and the various effects of shame on their decision to study mathematics as a subject at university. The research consists of a qualitative and a quantitative study with 311 prospective primary school teachers who responded to a survey about their experiences of shame in mathematics at school when they were students. Results of the qualitative study emphasize the different experiences in mathematics during the school years and reveal the characteristics of these situations, for example, social exposure or competition games. In the quantitative study, pre-service primary teachers’ subject choice was analyzed in relation to their experienced shame in mathematics at school. Results reveal that shame experienced at school has effects on the initial choice in favor of mathematics at university. Implications for primary teacher education are finally discussed.Peer Reviewe

Developing World Users as Lead Users: A Case Study in Engineering Reverse Innovation

This paper examines the “reverse innovation” of the leveraged freedom chair (LFC), a high-performance, low-cost, off-road wheelchair originally designed for developing countries. A needs study of 71 developed world wheelchair users was conducted through three different data collection efforts. These data were contrasted with studies of 125 developing world wheelchair users, who were shown to be lead users for their developed world counterparts. The GRIT freedom chair (GFC), the developed world version of the LFC, was designed based on results of the study. By recognizing developing country users as lead users, designers can reveal latent needs and create globally disruptive innovations.Singapore University of Technology and DesignMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Mechanical EngineeringRobert N. Noyce Career Development Chair at MITGlobal Research Innovation and Technology (GRIT

Fully guided implant surgery using Magnetic Resonance Imaging – An in vitro study on accuracy in human mandibles

Objectives: The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the accuracy of fully guided implant placement following virtual implant planning based on MRI. Material and methods: Sixteen human cadaver hemimandibles with single missing teeth (n = 3), partially edentulous (n = 6) and edentulous situations (n = 7) were imaged using MRI. MRI and optical scans obtained with an intraoral scanner, were imported into an implant planning software. Virtual prosthetic and implant planning were performed regarding hard- and soft-tissue anatomy. Drill guides were manufactured, and fully guided implant placement was performed. Buccal and lingual bone and implant nerve distance were measured by three examiners in preoperative MRI and postoperative CBCT. The implant position was assessed using a software for deviation of implant positions displayed in CBCT and optical scans, respectively. Results: MRI displayed relevant structures for implant planning such as cortical and cancellous bone, inferior alveolar nerve and neighboring teeth. Implant planning, CAD/CAM of drill guides and guided implant placement were performed. Deviations between planned and actual implant positions in postoperative CBCT and optical scans were 1.34 mm (SD 0.84 mm) and 1.03 mm (SD 0.46 mm) at implant shoulder; 1.41 mm (SD 0.88 mm) and 1.28 mm (SD 0.52 mm) at implant apex, and 4.84° (SD 3.18°) and 4.21° (SD 2.01°). Measurements in preoperative MRI and postoperative CBCT confirmed the compliance with minimum distances of implants to anatomical structures. Conclusions: Relevant anatomical structures for imaging diagnostics in implant dentistry are displayed with MRI. The accuracy of MRI-based fully guided implant placement in vitro is comparable to the workflow using CBCT

Etatverteilung 2020: Die Universitätsbibliothek der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin modifiziert ihr Etatverteilungsmodell

Angesichts veränderter Publikations- und Rezeptionsprozesse hat die Universitätsbibliothek der Humboldt-Universität ihr bewährtes Etatverteilungsmodell erneut modifiziert. Sie verzichtet zukünftig darauf, den Bedarf an gedruckten und elektronischen Medien getrennt zu berechnen, sondern führt beide Literaturformen in ihrem Berechnungsmodell wieder enger zusammen. Grundlage dafür sind eine neue Datenbasis im Bereich von Preisindizes und die äquivalente Betrachtung wissenschaftlicher Inhalte unabhängig von ihrer Erscheinungsform als Print- oder digitale Produkte.In consideration of changing publication and reception processes, the library of the Humboldt-Universität has adapted its established budget distribution model. The demand for printed and electronic media will no longer be calculated separately but in a modified model, where both forms of literature will be reflected jointly. The basis for this model is given by new data in the area of price indices as well as the consideration of scientific content regardless of its respective publication form as print or digital product

Relationship between Borderline Personality Disorder, Emotional Availability, and Cortisol Output in Mother-Child Dyads

Background: Mothers with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often show altered emotional availability toward their own child and heightened stress vulnerability. The aims of the present study were (1) to examine total cortisol output in saliva during mother-child interaction in mothers with BPD and their children and (2) to test whether maternal nonhostility as a subscale of emotional availability mediates the relationship between maternal BPD and child total cortisol output. Methods: We investigated 16 mothers with BPD and 30 healthy control mothers (HC) and 29 children of mothers with BPD and 33 children of HC mothers. Children were between 5 and 12 years old. Salivary cortisol was collected prior to and twice after an episode of a 21-min standardized play situation between mother and child. Nonhostility was rated using the emotional availability scales. Analyses of covariance were computed to test for group differences in total cortisol output (measured with area under the curve with respect to ground). Pearson's correlation was calculated to test the association between maternal and child total cortisol output. To test the second question, a mediation analysis according to Preacher and Hayes was conducted. Results: Mothers with BPD and their children had lower total cortisol output. Maternal and child total cortisol output was significantly correlated. Contrary to our hypothesis, maternal nonhostility did not mediate the relationship between BPD and child total cortisol output. Conclusion: Results imply that the hormonal stress activity of mothers with BPD and their children is altered, which may reflect modified stress regulation and stress vulnerability in mother and child and may impact on mother-child interaction. The finding of a positive association between mother's and child total cortisol output could indicate an intergenerational transmission of these alterations

The mediating role of attachment and anger: exploring the impact of maternal early-life maltreatment on child abuse potential.

BACKGROUND Maternal early-life maltreatment (ELM) increases the risk of subsequent child maltreatment, but the underlying mechanisms of these intergenerational effects remain largely unknown. Identifying these mechanisms is crucial for developing preventive interventions that can break the cycle of abuse. Notably, previous research has shown that ELM often results in attachment insecurity and altered anger characteristics. Therefore, this study determines whether these characteristics mediate the relationship between maternal history of ELM and child abuse potential. METHODS The study sample included 254 mothers, of whom 149 had experienced ELM to at least a moderate degree. Maternal ELM was assessed using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA) interview. Attachment insecurity, trait anger and anger expression, and maternal abuse potential were assessed using the Vulnerable Attachment Questionnaire (VASQ), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), and Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI), respectively. RESULTS The severity of maternal ELM predicted higher child abuse potential, with attachment insecurity and anger suppression mediating this effect. Specifically, higher levels of maternal ELM were associated with greater attachment insecurity and increased anger suppression, resulting in a higher child abuse potential. Although higher levels of trait anger were directly associated with higher child abuse potential, this parameter did not mediate the relationship with ELM. In addition, no significant associations were observed between outwardly expressed anger and ELM or child abuse potential. All analyses were adjusted for maternal mental disorders, years of education, and relationship status. DISCUSSION Attachment insecurity and anger suppression may serve as pathways linking the maternal history of ELM to the risk of child abuse, even when considering maternal psychopathology. Overall, our findings indicate that interventions aimed at strengthening attachment and improving anger suppression may be beneficial for all mothers with ELM history and high child abuse potential, not just those who suffer from mental illness

Validating an assessment of pre-service primary teachers’ mathematics pedagogical content knowledge

Mathematikdidaktisches Wissen stellt eine zentrale Komponente der professionellen Kompetenz von (angehenden) Primarstufenlehrkräften im Bereich Mathematik dar, die mit situationsspezifischen Fertigkeiten zusammenhängt und, vermittelt über das professionelle Handeln, Effekte auf die mathematischen Leistungen von Schüler:innen haben kann. Um mathematikdidaktisches Wissen im Zusammenhang mit anderen Komponenten professioneller Kompetenz (z. B. Emotionen, Überzeugungen, Handlungsplanung, Instruktionsqualität) untersuchen zu können, bedarf es eines ökonomischen und frei verfügbaren Tests, welcher gängige Gütekriterien hinreichend erfüllt. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Validierung eines solchen Tests vor. Entsprechend der Teststandards werden Grundnahmen in den Evidenzkategorien Inhalt, Struktur und Beziehungen zu anderen Variablen untersucht, um zu prüfen, ob die Testscores Schlussfolgerungen zum Konstrukt mathematikdidaktisches Wissen von Lehramtsstudierenden der Primarstufe zulassen. Die Ergebnisse liefern Validitätsargumente, die auf eine hinreichend hohe Reliabilität des Tests hinweisen und für theoriekonforme Schlussfolgerungen basierend auf den Testwerten sprechen. Der Beitrag schließt ab mit einer integrativen Betrachtung der Validierungsevidenzen, die für den Test bisher vorliegen.Peer Reviewe

Genetic diversification of persistent Mycobacterium abscessus within cystic fibrosis patients

Mycobacterium (M.) abscessus infections in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients cause a deterioration of lung function. Treatment of these multidrug-resistant pathogens is associated with severe side-effects, while frequently unsuccessful. Insight on M. abscessus genomic evolvement during chronic lung infection would be beneficial for improving treatment strategies. A longitudinal study enrolling 42 CF patients was performed at a CF center in Berlin, Germany, to elaborate phylogeny and genomic diversification of in-patient M. abscessus. Eleven of the 42 CF patients were infected with M. abscessus. Five of these 11 patients were infected with global human-transmissible M. abscessus cluster strains. Phylogenetic analysis of 88 genomes from isolates of the 11 patients excluded occurrence of M. abscessus transmission among members of the study group. Genome sequencing and variant analysis of 30 isolates from 11 serial respiratory samples collected over 4.5 years from a chronically infected patient demonstrated accumulation of gene mutations. In total, 53 genes exhibiting non-synonymous variations were identified. Enrichment analysis emphasized genes involved in synthesis of glycopeptidolipids, genes from the embABC (arabinosyltransferase) operon, betA (glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase) and choD (cholesterol oxidase). Genetic diversity evolved in a variety of virulence- and resistance-associated genes. The strategy of M. abscessus populations in chronic lung infection is not clonal expansion of dominant variants, but to sustain simultaneously a wide range of genetic variants facilitating adaptation of the population to changing living conditions in the lung. Genomic diversification during chronic infection requires increased attention when new control strategies against M. abscessus infections are explored.Peer Reviewe

Effects of maternal history of depression and early life maltreatment on children's health-related quality of life

BACKGROUND There is a well-established link between maternal depression and child mental health. Similar effects have been found for maternal history of early life maltreatment (ELM). However, studies investigating the relationship of children's quality of life and maternal depression are scarce and none have been conducted for the association with maternal ELM. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of maternal history of ELM and depression on children's health-related quality of life and to identify mediating factors accounting for these effects. METHODS Our study involved 194 mothers with and without history of depression and/or ELM and their children between five and 12 years. Children's health-related quality of life was assessed by maternal proxy- and child self-ratings using the KIDSCREEN. We considered maternal sensitivity and maternal parenting stress as potential mediators. RESULTS We found an effect of maternal history of depression but not of maternal history of ELM on health-related quality of life. Maternal stress and sensitivity mediated the effects of maternal depression on child global health-related quality of life, as well as on the dimensions Autonomy & Parent Relation, School Environment (maternal and child rating), and Physical Wellbeing (child rating). LIMITATION Due to the cross-sectional design of the study, causal interpretations must be made with caution. Some scales yielded low internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS Maternal impairments in areas of parenting which possibly developed during acute depression persist even after remission of acute affective symptoms. Interventions should target parenting stress and sensitivity in parents with prior depression