932 research outputs found

    Temperature and moisture effects on respiration in the organic horizon of a Pacific Northwest forest soil

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    Ecosystem responses to temperature and moisture influence whether terrestrial ecosystems act as sources or sinks of atmospheric CO2, an important greenhouse gas. Soil respiration—defined here as microbial release of CO2 during decomposition—is a key process of CO2 release to the atmosphere. This study focused on the response of soil respiration to temperature, moisture, and their interaction, and developed quantitative models to describe the nature of this interactive effect. This study addressed several underexamined components of the temperature and moisture effect on C and N dynamics: organic soils, multiple soil layers, a broad range of moistures, and a relevant, lowtemperature range. Samples of upper and lower forest floor organic‐horizon layers were collected from a mature conifer stand on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State. Two experiments were conducted in which the soil samples were incubated at four temperatures (5.8–19.4°C) for up to four months, during which respiration was measured repeatedly. Because suboptimal moistures were expected to limit soil respiration, one experiment examined low soil moisture contents (1.4‐fold as moisture increased from 100 to 220%, but was nearly constant at higher moistures. At the low moistures, the respiration response to moisture increased with increasing temperature. This respiration response was best described in regression models by a complex temperature–moisture interaction comprised of varying multiplicative effects. Long‐term global C budget models, such as CENTURY and Rothamsted, currently assume a simple interactive effect comprised of a constant multiplicative effect of temperature and moisture on soil respiration; the models might be improved by inclusion of a more complex interaction such as that observed in this study. However, further studies are first needed to refine the equation(s) for describing this interaction, and to determine whether a single equation can be used to adequately describe soil respiration in all soils and soil layers

    LIGO Analogy Lab—A Set of Undergraduate Lab Experiments to Demonstrate Some Principles of Gravitational Wave Detection

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    The first direct detection of gravitational waves by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in September 2015 proved their existence, as predicted by Einstein\u27s General Theory of Relativity, and ushered in the era of gravitational-wave interferometry. In this article, we present a set of lab course experiments at different levels of advancement, which give students insight into the basic LIGO operating principle and advanced detection techniques. Starting with methods for folding an optical cavity, we advance to analogy experiments with sound waves that can be detected with a Michelson interferometer with an optical cavity arm. In that experiment, students also learn how the sensitivity of the device can be tuned. In a last step, we show how optical heterodyne detection (the mixing of a signal with a reference oscillator) was used in Initial LIGO. We hope these experiments not only give students an understanding of some LIGO techniques but also awaken a fascination for how unimaginably tiny signals, created by powerful cosmic events a billion years ago or earlier, can be detected today here on Earth

    TrÀdgÄrdsblÄbÀr

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    TrĂ€dgĂ„rdsblĂ„bĂ€r omfattar odlade arter och hybrider av blĂ„bĂ€r. I Sverige odlas idag Vaccinium corymbosum och hybrider mellan V. corymbosum och V. angustifolium. BĂ€ren innehĂ„ller mycket antioxidanter och ökar i popularitet som dessertbĂ€r. Vaccinium-arter Ă€r anpassade för att vĂ€xa pĂ„ lĂ€tta jordar med mycket organiskt material, lĂ„gt pH och god tillgĂ„ng pĂ„ vatten. Vid kommersiell odling av blĂ„bĂ€r kan odlingen emellertid ofta behöva etableras pĂ„ mineraljordar med ett högre pH. I dessa fall Ă€r det viktigt att odlingssubstratet anpassas efter vĂ€xtens behov eftersom en blĂ„bĂ€rskultur Ă€r kostsam att etablera och bör kunna vĂ€xa och ge skörd under lĂ„ng tid vid rĂ€tt odlingsförhĂ„llanden. Om markens innehĂ„ll av organiskt material Ă€r lĂ„gt rekommenderas inblandning av organiskt material, till exempel sĂ„gspĂ„n eller torv i jorden. MarktĂ€ckning med sĂ„gspĂ„n, bark eller torv har oftast gett en positiv effekt pĂ„ tillvĂ€xt och skörd. Det rekommenderade pH-omrĂ„det för trĂ€dgĂ„rdsblĂ„bĂ€r ligger vanligen frĂ„n pH 4,0 till pH 5,2–5,5. Vid ett högre pH finns risk för brist pĂ„ mikronĂ€ringsĂ€mnen, sĂ€rskilt jĂ€rn. Vid ett för lĂ„gt pH kan höga halter av aluminium eller mangan skada rötterna samt hĂ€mma tillvĂ€xten. KĂ€nsligheten för bĂ„de jĂ€rnbrist och för toxicitet av aluminium och mangan varierar mellan olika sorter. Om markens pH behöver sĂ€nkas innan etablering av kulturen rekommenderas vanligen inblandning av elementĂ€rt svavel Ă„ret innan. Inblandning av eller marktĂ€ckning med torv eller med sĂ„gpĂ„n eller bark av tall kan anvĂ€ndas för att uppnĂ„ mindre pH-sĂ€nkningar och kan bidra till att öka vĂ€xttillgĂ€ngligheten av jĂ€rn. De flesta Vaccinium-arter Ă€r anpassade för att vĂ€xa vid en lĂ„g kvĂ€vetillgĂ„ng och blĂ„bĂ€r har generellt ett relativt lĂ„gt nĂ€ringsbehov. Höga kvĂ€vegivor kan reducera tillvĂ€xten och unga plantor kan dö. För mycket kvĂ€ve kan Ă€ven ge ökad vinterskada. En kvĂ€vegiva pĂ„ 50-60 kg per hektar till en odling som ger full skörd har gett bra tillvĂ€xt och skörd i mĂ„nga försök. Till yngre odlingar bör kvĂ€vegivan begrĂ€nsas. Vid marktĂ€ckning med organiskt material mĂ„ste kvĂ€vegivan ökas beroende pĂ„ hur mycket kvĂ€ve som kommer att bindas in i samband med nedbrytningen. BĂ„de ammonium och nitrat kan fungera som kvĂ€vekĂ€llor sĂ„ lĂ€nge kvĂ€vetillförseln Ă€r lĂ„g och pH inte blir för högt. BlĂ„bĂ€r har emellertid en sĂ€mre förmĂ„ga att anvĂ€nda nitrat jĂ€mfört med mĂ„nga andra vĂ€xtslag och flera försök har visat bĂ€ttre tillvĂ€xt med ammonium eller med en blandning av ammonium och nitrat som kvĂ€vekĂ€llor. KvĂ€vegödseln bör tillföras mellan blomning och skörd nĂ€r upptaget Ă€r som störst. Att dela givan pĂ„ tvĂ„ eller tre tillfĂ€llen har ofta gett bĂ€ttre effekt Ă€n en giva. Tillförsel av mycket kvĂ€ve kan inverka negativt pĂ„ förekomsten av ericoid mykorrhiza i rötterna. Även kalium kan behöva tillföras och behovet ökar vid hög fruktsĂ€ttning. Publicerade data indikerar att förhĂ„llandet mellan mĂ€ngderna av kvĂ€ve och kalium som behöver tas upp i blĂ„bĂ€rsplantan varierar frĂ„n 100:40 till 100:75 för unga respektive Ă€ldre plantor. FörhĂ„llandet mellan upptaget av kvĂ€ve och fosfor ligger kring 100:10, och behovet av fosforgödsling Ă€r vanligen lĂ„gt. BlĂ„bĂ€r tar effektivt upp kalcium och brist Ă€r mycket ovanligt, men tillförsel av kalcium har ibland haft positiv effekt pĂ„ bĂ€rens fasthet. Kulturens nĂ€ringsstatus bör följas upp med bladanalyser och nĂ€ringsĂ€mnen tillföras vid eventuell brist. BlĂ„bĂ€r Ă€r mycket kĂ€nsliga för höga salthalter och för mycket natrium och klor bör undvikas

    Attitude toward risk and risk-taking behavior of business-owning families

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    Using data from the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances, this study found that family business owners are more risk tolerant than nonowners. Among family business owners, age, race, net worth, and the number of employees in the business affect risk-taking attitudes and behavior. In addition, the following factors are associated with risk-taking behaviors: number of years of ownership, gross sales, who started the business, and sole proprietorship. Education influences risk-taking attitudes. Copyright 2001 by The American Council on Consumer Interests

    Interglaziale Klimaschwankungen in Nordost-Polen – palynologische und isotopengeochemische Untersuchungen an organischen Seesedimenten

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    Die Ergebnisse von ÎŽ18O- und ÎŽ13C-Bestimmungen an Seesedimenten aus dem Augustovian-Interglazial in Nordost-Polen lassen sich nicht einfach interpretieren, weil die ÎŽ18O-Werte fĂŒr palynologisch kĂŒhle Perioden hoch (-4 bis -6‰), dagegen fĂŒr einen palynologisch wĂ€rmeren Zeitraum niedriger (-8 bis -10‰) sind. ZusĂ€tzliche malakologische, palynologische und Isotopen-Untersuchungen weisen auf einen hohen Grad der Umlagerung Ă€lterer Sedimente vor allem in kĂŒhlen Perioden mit niedrigem Wasserstand hin. Die Annahme, dass allochthoner Kalzit aus tertiĂ€ren marinen Sedimenten in die Sedimentationsbecken gelangte, ermöglicht eine plausible Interpretation der Isotopen-Kurven. KĂŒhle Perioden sind charakterisiert durch erhöhte Erosion infolge Verringerung der Vegetation. Dadurch wurde allochthoner Kalzit mit hohen ÎŽ18O- und ÎŽ13C-Werten in das Becken transportiert. Warme Perioden dagegen sind durch eine reduzierte Redeposition von Ă€lteren Sedimenten gekennzeichnet, deshalb sind die Isotopen-Werte negativer. Aus dem Verlauf der Isotopen-Kurven kann deshalb nicht direkt auf KlimaĂ€nderungen, wohl aber indirekt auf klimatisch bedingt erhöhte bzw. erniedrigte Erosionsraten im Liefergebiet geschlossen werden.researc

    Uptake and effectiveness of a tailor-made online lifestyle programme targeting modifiable risk factors for dementia among middle-aged descendants of people with recently diagnosed dementia:study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial (Demin study)

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    INTRODUCTION: Descendants of patients with dementia have a higher risk to develop dementia. This study aims to investigate the uptake and effectiveness of an online tailor-made lifestyle programme for dementia risk reduction (DRR) among middle-aged descendants of people with recently diagnosed late-onset dementia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Demin is a cluster randomised controlled trial, aiming to include 21 memory clinics of which 13 will be randomly allocated to the passive (poster and flyer in a waiting room) and 8 to the active recruitment strategy (additional personal invitation by members of the team of the memory clinic). We aim to recruit 378 participants (40-60 years) with a parent who is recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia at one of the participating memory clinics. All participants receive a dementia risk assessment (online questionnaire, physical examination and blood sample) and subsequently an online tailor-made lifestyle advice regarding protective (Mediterranean diet, low/moderate alcohol consumption and high cognitive activity) and risk factors (physical inactivity, smoking, loneliness, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, renal dysfunction and depression) for dementia. The primary outcome is the difference in uptake between the two recruitment strategies. Secondary outcomes are change(s) in (1) the Lifestyle for Brain Health score, (2) individual health behaviours, (3) health beliefs and attitudes towards DRR and (4) compliance to the tailor-made lifestyle advice. Outcomes will be measured at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after baseline. The effectiveness of this online tailor-made lifestyle programme will be evaluated by comparing Demin participants to a matched control group (lifelines cohort). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport according to the Population Screening Act. All participants have to give online informed consent using SMS-tan (transaction authentication number delivered via text message). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and (inter)national conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NTR7434

    Discovery of cellular regulation by protein degradation

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    What follows is a story of some of the lab’s adventures mentioned above, including the inventions of new biochemical and genetic methods. This account stems, in part, from previous descriptions of the early history of the Ub field (31,32). Another antecedent is an interview I gave to Dr. Istvan Hargittai, a distinguished Hungarian chemist. It describes my life and science, including the early years in Moscow, the 1977 escape from the former Soviet Union, the essentially accidental hiring of me by MIT, and the work that ensued (33). The narrative below borrows from these sources, and mentions our more recent contributions as well
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