15 research outputs found
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FISHBOWL METHOD ON STUDENTSâ SPEAKING SKILL AT THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA N 8 CIREBON
AYU WULANDARI. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FISHBOWL METHOD ON
STUDENTSâ SPEAKING SKILL AT THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF
SMA N 8 CIREBON
In Indonesia English has drawn up by government as foreign language that
the students should master English language. In fact, the students still have
weakness in skill of English, especially in speaking skill. In this thesis, the writer
focuses on the studentsâ speaking skill as Y variable that they have any weakness
to master speaking skill. And the writer focuses on the fishbowl method as the X
variable that will help student to practice speaking English.
The aims of this research are to find out the studentsâ responses towards the
application of fishbowl method, to find out the studentsâ achievement of speaking
skill before and after using the application of fishbowl method and to find out the
effectiveness of fishbowl method to improve the studentsâ speaking skill
Looking forward the problem in speaking skill that students have the
weakness in this skill thus the writer offered fishbowl method which can be
effective teaching tools for modeling group processes that can improve the
studentsâ speaking skill and more active in classroom to practice speaking
English.
The research design is quantitative research and experiment research. To
know the response the application of fishbowl method, the writer uses
questionnaire. To know the studentsâ achievement speaking skill, the writer uses
two tests, pretest and posttest. The data was analyzed statistically by using
Microsoft Excel, ANA test4 and SPSS program V 2.2.0.
The result of the studentsâ response towards the application of fishbowl
method is 1237 with the percentage 82,5 %, it can be categorized strong response.
And the result of the studentsâ achievement in speaking skill between
experimental class and control class where Gain of experiment class get the mean
score 0.26, but the N-Gain of control class get the mean score 0.12 so that the
deviation is 0.14. It means that the experiment class is better than control class in
improving the studentsâ speaking skill. Then conclusion of this thesis is that the
alternative hypothesis (Ha) is received and the Null Hypothesis (Ho) is refused
where t-test < t-table or <0.05. It means that there is any significant effectiveness
of using fishbowl method to improve studentsâ speaking skill the second grade
students of SMA N 8 Cirebon
Gene co-expression analysis identifies brain regions and cell types involved in migraine pathophysiology
Migraine is a common disabling neurovascular brain disorder typically characterised by attacks of severe headache and associated with autonomic and neurological symptoms. Migraine is caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over a dozen genetic loci associated with migraine. Here, we integrated migraine GWAS data with high-resolution spatial gene expression data of normal adult brains from the Allen Human Brain Atlas to identify specific brain regions and molecular pathways that are possibly involved in migraine pathophysiology. To this end, we used two complementary methods. In GWAS data from 23,285 migraine cases and 95,425 controls, we first studied modules of co-expressed genes that were calculated based on human brain expression data for enrichment of genes that showed association with migraine. Enrichment of a migraine GWAS signal was found for five modules that suggest involvement in migraine pathophysiology of: (i) neurotransmission, protein catabolism and mitochondria in the cortex; (ii) transcription regulation in the cortex and cerebellum; and (iii) oligodendrocytes and mitochondria in subcortical areas. Second, we used the high-confidence genes from the migraine GWAS as a basis to construct local migraine-related co-expression gene networks. Signatures of all brain regions and pathways that were prominent in the first method also surfaced in the second method, thus providing support that these brain regions and pathways are indeed involved in migraine pathophysiology
Genome-wide analysis of 102,084 migraine cases identifies 123 risk loci and subtype-specific risk alleles
Genome-wide association analyses identify 123 susceptibility loci for migraine and implicate neurovascular mechanisms in its pathophysiology. Subtype analyses highlight risk loci specific for migraine with or without aura in addition to shared risk variants.Migraine affects over a billion individuals worldwide but its genetic underpinning remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study of 102,084 migraine cases and 771,257 controls and identified 123 loci, of which 86 are previously unknown. These loci provide an opportunity to evaluate shared and distinct genetic components in the two main migraine subtypes: migraine with aura and migraine without aura. Stratification of the risk loci using 29,679 cases with subtype information indicated three risk variants that seem specific for migraine with aura (in HMOX2, CACNA1A and MPPED2), two that seem specific for migraine without aura (near SPINK2 and near FECH) and nine that increase susceptibility for migraine regardless of subtype. The new risk loci include genes encoding recent migraine-specific drug targets, namely calcitonin gene-related peptide (CALCA/CALCB) and serotonin 1F receptor (HTR1F). Overall, genomic annotations among migraine-associated variants were enriched in both vascular and central nervous system tissue/cell types, supporting unequivocally that neurovascular mechanisms underlie migraine pathophysiology.Clinical epidemiolog
Gene-based pleiotropy across migraine with aura and migraine without aura patient groups
Introduction It is unclear whether patients diagnosed according to International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) experience distinct disorders or whether their migraine subtypes are genetically related. Aim Using a novel gene-based (statistical) approach, we aimed to identify individual genes and pathways associated both with MA and MO. Methods Gene-based tests were performed using genome-wide association summary statistic results from the most recent International Headache Genetics Consortium study comparing 4505 MA cases with 34,813 controls and 4038 MO cases with 40,294 controls. After accounting for non-independence of gene-based test results, we examined the significance of the proportion of shared genes associated with MA and MO. Results We found a significant overlap in genes associated with MA and MO. Of the total 1514 genes with a nominally significant gene-based p value (
Concordance of genetic risk across migraine subgroups: Impact on current and future genetic association studies
Background: There has been intensive debate whether migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) should be considered distinct subtypes or part of the same disease spectrum. There is also discussion to what extent migraine cases collected in specialised headache clinics differ from cases from population cohorts, and how female cases differ from male cases with respect to their migraine. To assess the genetic overlap between these migraine subgroups, we examined genome-wide association (GWA) results from analysis of 23,285 migraine cases and 95,425 populationmatched controls. Methods: Detailed heterogeneity analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects (odds ratios) between migraine subgroups was performed for the 12 independent SNP loci significantly associated (phet<1.4Ă10-3) was observed between the MA and MO subgroups (for SNP rs9349379), and between the clinic- and population-based subgroups (for SNPs rs10915437, rs6790925 and rs6478241). However, for all 12 SNPs the risk-increasing allele was the same, and SECA found the majority of genomewide SNP effects to be in the same direction across the subgroups. Conclusions: Any differences in common genetic risk across these subgroups are outweighed by the similarities. Metaanalysis of additional migraine GWA datasets, regardless of their major subgroup composition, will identify new susceptibility loci for migraine
The causal role of smoking on the risk of hip or knee replacement due to primary osteoarthritis: a Mendelian randomisation analysis of the HUNT study
Migraine polygenic risk score associates with efficacy of migraine-specific drugs
Objective To assess whether the polygenic risk score (PRS) for migraine is associated with acute and/or prophylactic migraine treatment response. Methods We interviewed 2,219 unrelated patients at the Danish Headache Center using a semistructured interview to diagnose migraine and assess acute and prophylactic drug response. All patients were genotyped. A PRS was calculated with the linkage disequilibrium pred algorithm using summary statistics from the most recent migraine genome-wide association study comprising similar to 375,000 cases and controls. The PRS was scaled to a unit corresponding to a twofold increase in migraine risk, using 929 unrelated Danish controls as reference. The association of the PRS with treatment response was assessed by logistic regression, and the predictive power of the model by area under the curve using a case-control design with treatment response as outcome. Results A twofold increase in migraine risk associates with positive response to migraine-specific acute treatment (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-1.49]). The association between migraine risk and migraine-specific acute treatment was replicated in an independent cohort consisting of 5,616 triptan users with prescription history (OR = 3.20 [95% CI = 1.26-8.14]). No association was found for acute treatment with non-migraine-specific weak analgesics and prophylactic treatment response. Conclusions The migraine PRS can significantly identify subgroups of patients with a higher-than-average likelihood of a positive response to triptans, which provides a first step toward genetics-based precision medicine in migraine
Publisher Correction: Stroke genetics informs drug discovery and risk prediction across ancestries.
A genome-wide cross-phenotype meta-analysis of the association of blood pressure with migraine
Blood pressure (BP) was inconsistently associated with migraine and the mechanisms of BP-lowering medications in migraine prophylaxis are unknown. Leveraging large-scale summary statistics for migraine (Ncases/Ncontrols = 59,674/316,078) and BP (N = 757,601), we find positive genetic correlations of migraine with diastolic BP (DBP, rg = 0.11, P = 3.56 Ă 10â06) and systolic BP (SBP, rg = 0.06, P = 0.01), but not pulse pressure (PP, rg = â0.01, P = 0.75). Cross-trait meta-analysis reveals 14 shared loci (P †5 Ă 10â08), nine of which replicate (P < 0.05) in the UK Biobank. Five shared loci (ITGB5, SMG6, ADRA2B, ANKDD1B, and KIAA0040) are reinforced in gene-level analysis and highlight potential mechanisms involving vascular development, endothelial function and calcium homeostasis. Mendelian randomization reveals stronger instrumental estimates of DBP (OR [95% CI] = 1.20 [1.15â1.25]/10 mmHg; P = 5.57 Ă 10â25) on migraine than SBP (1.05 [1.03â1.07]/10 mmHg; P = 2.60 Ă 10â07) and a corresponding opposite effect for PP (0.92 [0.88â0.95]/10 mmHg; P = 3.65 Ă 10â07). These findings support a critical role of DBP in migraine susceptibility and shared biology underlying BP and migraine