An extension to GUM methodology: degrees-of-freedom calculations for correlated multidimensional estimates

The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement advocates the use of an 'effective number of degrees of freedom' for the calculation of an interval of measurement uncertainty. However, it does not describe how this number is to be calculated when (i) the measurand is a vector quantity or (ii) when the errors in the estimates of the quantities defining the measurand (the 'input quantities') are not incurred independently. An appropriate analysis for a vector-valued measurand has been described (Metrologia 39 (2002) 361-9), and a method for a one-dimensional measurand with dependent errors has also been given (Metrologia 44 (2007) 340-9). This paper builds on those analyses to present a method for the situation where the problem is multidimensional and involves correlated errors. The result is an explicit general procedure that reduces to simpler procedures where appropriate. The example studied is from the field of radio-frequency metrology, where measured quantities are often complex-valued and can be regarded as vectors of two elements.Comment: 30 pages with 2 embedded figure

Effects of hatching timing on red-eyed treefrog tadpoles: relative vulnerability varies among predators but not with hatchling age-structure, growth varies with the presence of more vulnerable tadpoles [poster]

In Gamboa, Panama, undisturbed red-eyed treefrog embryos typically hatch at age 6 days, but they can hatch as early as 4 days if attacked by egg predators. Early hatchlings are less developed and more vulnerable to predatory shrimp and fish. Here we assess the effect of hatching timing on risk of predation by three common insects, with different foraging styles, that prey on red-eyed treefrog larvae. Further, we examine whether the consequences of hatching early vary with the presence of later-hatched tadpoles. We induced hatching at 4 and 6 days and exposed tadpoles to giant water bugs or aeshnid or libellulid dragonfly larvae over 24 hrs, quantifying tadpole behavior and mortality. We used substitutive designs with three treatments: early hatched, late hatched and mixed hatching ages. In no case did presence of the other age class alter mortality. Hatching age did not affect libelullid predation, which was low in both cases. Early-hatched tadpoles had higher mortality than late hatchlings with water bugs, which move throughout the water column. In contrast, early hatchlings had lower mortality than late hatchlings with aeshnids, which cue strongly on movement. Late-hatched tadpoles were more active than early hatchlings, and movement was reduced in the presence of aeshnids. Combining across this and previously published studies, early hatchlings are more vulnerable than late hatchlings to most (3/5) predators. Variation in relative, age-specific hatchling vulnerability to predators with different foraging styles is consistent with developmental changes in tadpole behavior

The Cost of Hatching Early: Vulnerability and Exposure to Predators [poster]

Arboreal red-eyed treefrog embryos can hatch prematurely in response to egg predators. Induced early hatchlings face aquatic predators when less developed and for longer than do later hatchlings; both factors may alter survival through the high-risk early larval period. Prior work focused on developmental effects of induced hatching. In 24 h trials, less developed hatchlings were more vulnerable to three aquatic predators (shrimp, fish, water bugs) but had similar or better survival than full-term hatchlings with libellulid and aeschnid dragonfly nymphs. However, it is unknown how developmental effects and duration of exposure to predators combine to create the net effect of early hatching. Here we measured costs of early hatching over a 72 h period, from first hatching competence past peak spontaneous hatching. Embryos hatched at age 4 or 6 days were exposed to water bugs, aeshnids, or libellulids. Early-hatched tadpoles suffered higher mortality than late hatchlings with all three predators. The longer exposure of early hatchlings to aquatic predators reversed their initial phenotypic advantage with aeshnids and revealed a cost of early hatching with libellulids where none was apparent from phenotypes alone. In other experiments, early-hatched tadpoles reared without predators grew more quickly than those reared with predators cues, which grew more quickly than age-matched embryos, revealing phenotypic effects of both predator cues and the egg vs. aquatic environment. Nonetheless, any potential benefits of predator-induced phenotypes on tadpole survival were insufficient to compensate for the increased duration of predator exposure that is a consequence of hatching early. From the Conference Program at http://www.sicb.org/meetings/2011/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=23

Wind Tunnel Testing of a 120th Scale Large Civil Tilt-Rotor Model in Airplane and Helicopter Modes

In April 2012 and October 2013, NASA and the U.S. Army jointly conducted a wind tunnel test program examining two notional large tilt rotor designs: NASA's Large Civil Tilt Rotor and the Army's High Efficiency Tilt Rotor. The approximately 6%-scale airframe models (unpowered) were tested without rotors in the U.S. Army 7- by 10-foot wind tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. Measurements of all six forces and moments acting on the airframe were taken using the wind tunnel scale system. In addition to force and moment measurements, flow visualization using tufts, infrared thermography and oil flow were used to identify flow trajectories, boundary layer transition and areas of flow separation. The purpose of this test was to collect data for the validation of computational fluid dynamics tools, for the development of flight dynamics simulation models, and to validate performance predictions made during conceptual design. This paper focuses on the results for the Large Civil Tilt Rotor model in an airplane mode configuration up to 200 knots of wind tunnel speed. Results are presented with the full airframe model with various wing tip and nacelle configurations, and for a wing-only case also with various wing tip and nacelle configurations. Key results show that the addition of a wing extension outboard of the nacelles produces a significant increase in the lift-to-drag ratio, and interestingly decreases the drag compared to the case where the wing extension is not present. The drag decrease is likely due to complex aerodynamic interactions between the nacelle and wing extension that results in a significant drag benefit

The Bivariate Normal Copula

We collect well known and less known facts about the bivariate normal distribution and translate them into copula language. In addition, we prove a very general formula for the bivariate normal copula, we compute Gini's gamma, and we provide improved bounds and approximations on the diagonal.Comment: 24 page

Foraging niche separation of social wasps in an invaded area: Implications for their management

Foraging niche separation may be a mechanism to promote coexistence of two competing species by concentrating intraspecific competition relative to interspecific competition. The present study investigated foraging behaviour and microhabitat use of two coexisting species of invasive social wasps, Vespula germanica and Vespula vulgaris, when foraging for two different food resources. Also, we tested the attractiveness of traps baited with a synthetic lure for those two species. We found that V. germanica wasps prefer to forage at ground level regardless of the resource, while V. vulgaris prefers protein resources at the shrubland level given a choice between a protein bait at ground or at shrubland level. However, when baited with the synthetic lure, the species caught was not affected by the height at which traps were placed. That is, in a no choice scenario, the traps were sufficiently attractive to lure both species of wasps to both microhabitats (ground and shrubland levels). Thus, our results support the existence of spatial niche differentiation at least in protein foraging and suggest that the synthetic lure evaluated could be used to trap both species of Vespula wasps present in Argentina. These results could help to improve management strategies of these social wasps in an invaded area.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria BarilocheFil: Masciocchi, Maite. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituo de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos; ArgentinaFil: Unelius, Carl Rikard. Linnaeus University. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; SueciaFil: Buteler, Micaela. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente; Argentin

On an Asymptotic Series of Ramanujan

An asymptotic series in Ramanujan's second notebook (Entry 10, Chapter 3) is concerned with the behavior of the expected value of $\phi(X)$ for large $\lambda$ where $X$ is a Poisson random variable with mean $\lambda$ and $\phi$ is a function satisfying certain growth conditions. We generalize this by studying the asymptotics of the expected value of $\phi(X)$ when the distribution of $X$ belongs to a suitable family indexed by a convolution parameter. Examples include the problem of inverse moments for distribution families such as the binomial or the negative binomial.Comment: To appear, Ramanujan

Temperature drives pre-reproductive selection and shapes the biogeography of a female polymorphism

Acknowledgements We are grateful to the many field assistants, PhD students and postdocs who have participated in the field work and thereby directly and indirectly contributed to this study over many years, since 2000 when it was started. We also wish to thank David and Rosalyn Sparrow who kindly hosted B. Willink during a field trip to Cyprus in 2017 and who provided valuable field work help and guidance, enabling us to gather information about morph frequencies of I. elegans at one of the southernmost localities of this species in Europe. Funding information Funding for this study has been provided by research grants from The Swedish Research Council (VR: grant no. 2016‐03356), Carl Tryggers Foundation (CTS), Gyllenstiernska Krapperupstiftelsen (grant no. KR2018‐0038), Stina Werners Foundation and Erik Philip Sörensens Stiftelse to E.I.S.Peer reviewedPostprin

Second-Generation Large Civil Tiltrotor 7- by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel Test Data Report

An approximately 6-percent scale model of the NASA Second-Generation Large Civil Tiltrotor (LCTR2) Aircraft was tested in the U.S. Army 7- by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center January 4 to April 19, 2012, and September 18 to November 1, 2013. The full model was tested, along with modified versions in order to determine the effects of the wing tip extensions and nacelles; the wing was also tested separately in the various configurations. In both cases, the wing and nacelles used were adopted from the U.S. Army High Efficiency Tilt Rotor (HETR) aircraft, in order to limit the cost of the experiment. The full airframe was tested in high-speed cruise and low-speed hover flight conditions, while the wing was tested only in cruise conditions, with Reynolds numbers ranging from 0 to 1.4 million. In all cases, the external scale system of the wind tunnel was used to collect data. Both models were mounted to the scale using two support struts attached underneath the wing; the full airframe model also used a third strut attached at the tail. The collected data provides insight into the performance of the preliminary design of the LCTR2 and will be used for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation and the development of flight dynamics simulation models

Oviposition behaviour and larval development of Anastrepha fraterculus from Argentina in citrus

Citrus peel physicochemical attributes are considered the main components conferring partial oreven total resistance to fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestation. Fruit fly females adapt their ovipositionalstrategies to overcome such resistance. Here, we explored the effects of citrus species (Rutaceae)on the ovipositional behaviour of the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus(Wiedemann), and on its immature development. Particularly, we investigated the effects of (1)citrus species on oviposition behaviour and immature development, (2) citrus species on ovipositionpreference and on the location of the eggs at different depth in the citrus peel, and (3) harvest seasonand post-harvest storage time on oviposition behaviour and immature development in lemon. Citrusspecies influenced ovipositional behaviour and affected survival of immature stages. Females laideggs in lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.], orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], and grapefruit (Citrusparadisi Macfadyen). In orange and lemon, larvae were found dead close to the oviposition areas,suggesting chemically mediated resistance mechanisms. Under choice conditions, females preferredgrapefruit over lemon and bigger clutches were found in the layers where embryonic development isfavoured. Unsuitability of lemon as a medium to complete development was neither affected by harvestseason nor by storage time of the fruit after harvest. The physical and chemical characteristics ofthe peel were distinctive to each citrus species and may have affected the specific levels of resistance ofthese citrus species to infestation by A. fraterculus.Fil: Ruiz, María Josefina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Juárez, María Laura. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Alsogaray, R. A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Arrighi, Carlos Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Tucumán. Unidad de Administración Territorial; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Arroyo, L.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Tucumán. Unidad de Administración Territorial; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Gastaminza, Gerardo Alfredo. Gobierno de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres; ArgentinaFil: Willink, Eduardo. Gobierno de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres; ArgentinaFil: Bardon, Alicia del Valle. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; ArgentinaFil: Vera, María Teresa. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentin