Research in Small-Firm Entrepreneurial Finance: A Note on Developing a Paradigm

There is an increased interest in small companies and entrepreneurship among academicians and policy makers. The melting of the cold war and the collapse of the socialist economies of the Soviet bloc, in combination with the interest of the affected countries in imitating some form of capitalistic economy, will make this area one of the key research items of the 1990s

Landscape-level control of population dynamics: late-Quaternary paleoecology of beech in upper Michigan

In this study I investigated the role lake-effect climate, soil type, and topography played in the late-Quaternary establishment, expansion, and decline of American beech in eastern Upper Michigan. General Land Office surveys and modem soil surveys were used to establish the presettlement distribution of beech on nine soil cover types in an eight township study area in Mackinac County, Michigan. Pollen analysis from small lakes (\u3c10 ha) varying in distance from Lake Michigan (2-15 km) and surrounded by various soil types were used to determine the establishment, expansion, and decline of American beech. Presettlement beech was positively associated with loamy soils over gravelly till, sandy soils with ortstein, and loamy, sandy soils over gravelly till. An outlying population of beech became established 5790 yr BP near the climatically ameliorated shore of Lake Michigan on fine-textured loamy soils. At a second site also surrounded by fine-textured loamy soils beech pollen did not reach appreciable levels until 5070 yr BP. Between 3000 and 2500 yr BP beech populations increased throughout Upper Michigan at sites on loamy soils, and expanded onto the areally more abundant sandy soils with ortstein. These results indicate that climate amelioration by Lake Michigan and fine-textured soils were both required for beech establishment at 5790 yr BP in eastern Upper Michigan. Expansion of beech populations around 3000 yr BP onto coarse-textured soils was most likely the result of soil development at the landscape level and a shift to a more mesic climate regionally. Since 2000 yr BP, selected populations of American beech declined in response to habitat loss as lowland mesic sites became more hydric in response to paludification. Other populations collapsed as upland mesic sites became more xeric in response to lowering of water tables due to isostatic rebound and river downcutting. The occurrence of an outlying population of American beech along the ameliorated shores of Lake Michigan during the Hypsithermal interval provides a partial analog for potential refugia under an enhanced Greenhouse climate

What Does Finance Have to Say to the Entrepreneur?

There has developed within the past decade an increased interest among academicians and policy makers in the small companies and entrepreneurs of the world. Domestically, small business is viewed by the “true believers” as the engine that drives the machinery, citing innovation and job creation as two areas where the small firm has outdistanced its larger counterpart

Confianza metacognitiva: una aproximación desde la neurociencia

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in [JOURNAL TITLE] on [date of publication], available online at:http://www.tandfonline.com/[Article DOI].Metacognition refers to thinking about our own thinking and implies a distinction between primary and secondary cognition. This article reviews how neuroscience has dealt with this distinction between first and second-order cognition, with special focus on meta-cognitive confidence. Meta-cognitive confidence is important because it affects whether people use their primary cognitions in guiding judgments and behaviors. The research described in this review is organized around the type of primary thoughts for which people have confidence, including judgments about memory, choices, and evaluative judgments. Along with other areas, prefrontal cortex and parietal regions have been consistently associated with judgments of meta-cognitive confidence in these three domains. Although metacognitive confidence might be associated with particular brain activity in most of the studies reviewed, confidence often seems to be confounded with other potentially important dimensions, such as effort and ease. Given that people tend to be less certain in tasks that are more difficult, more research is needed to examine the brain activity specifically linked to confidence.La meta cognición se refiere a lo que pensamos sobre nuestros propios pensamientos e implica la distinción entre cognición primaria y secundaria. El presente artículo describe como la neurociencia ha examinado esta distinción entre cognición de primer y segundo orden, presentado especial atención al concepto de confianza metacognitiva. Este tipo de confianza es importante ya que determina en qué medida las personas usamos los pensamientos a la hora de guiar nuestros juicios y acciones. La investigación descrita en este trabajo se organiza a través del tipo de cognición primaria sobre la que se tiene confianza o duda, incluyendo juicios sobre nuestra memoria y también sobre nuestras evaluaciones y decisiones. En la mayoría de estudios, las áreas de la corteza prefrontal y parietal aparecen vinculadas con los juicios de confianza en estos tres dominios. A pesar de la asociación observada entre la confianza metacognitiva y algunas zonas concretas de actividad cerebral, el presente trabajo precisa que la confianza a menudo se confunde con otros aspectos como la facilidad y el esfuerzo. En la medida en que se suele estar menos seguro de los juicios de tareas difíciles, se hace necesario llevar a cabo investigaciones en las que se especifique con mayor precisión la actividad cerebral vinculada con la confianza

Regulating Target Marketing and Other Race-Based Advertising Practices

Recognizing the significant role that advertising plays in American life, this article examines the phenomenon of race-based targeted marketing as a contributing factor to the racial tension of our media age and evaluates the role of government regulation in preventing the dissemination of racist messages through advertising. In Part I, the article first looks at the evolution of mass marketing into today\u27s standard use of targeted marketing techniques, and especially how those techniques can sometimes have racist effects. In Part II, the article discusses both measurable and esoteric harms of cultural racism. Part III examines existing laws designed to regulate advertising generally and specific laws that reach discriminatory advertising for particular products and services. Part IV specifically analyzes the Federal Trade Commission\u27s existing authority to regulate unfairness in advertising as it might be used to prevent advertising with racist effects. Finally, recognizing the difficulty of governmental intervention in the marketplace, this article suggests guidelines for use by advertisers who affirmatively wish to avoid advertising practices that cause racist harms

Controlling corn borers in field corn with insecticides : to get both good and profitable control

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