Veränderungen der Lebensgeschichten nach sozialen Krisenerfahrungen : Untersuchungen zu den biografischen Auswirkungen des kindlichen Elternverlustes anhand historischer Familienrekonstitutionen

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, inwiefern ein früh- bzw. kindlicher Elternverlust Einfluss auf die Lebensgeschichte (engl. life history) der betroffenen Individuen nimmt. Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind Familienrekonstitutionen aus der historischen Krummhörn [Ostfriesland, 1720-1859] und aus dem historischen Québec [Kanada, 1670-1720]. Diese beiden Populationen unterscheiden sich stark hinsichtlich ihrer sozio-ökonomischen Lage. Die Analysen sollen zum Einen klären, ob und wie der Verlust von Vater oder Mutter unter historischen Bedingungen zu einer unmittelbar erhöhten Mortalität führt. Zum Anderen soll untersucht werden, ob und wie der Verlust von Vater oder Mutter zu Langzeitfolgen führt. Im Besonderen werden die Ergebnisse vor dem Hintergrund der Life History Theory interpretiert und vermeintliche Unterschiede zwischen den Populationen in Beziehung zu den unterschiedlichen sozio-ökonomischen Bedingungen gesetzt. Des Weiteren wird eine Hypothese von Störmer und Willführ zu der Entstehung von Langzeitfolgen nach Krisenerfahrung anhand der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit getestet. Als statistische Methoden kommen sowohl die Cox-Regression als auch die Event-History Analyse zum Einsatz. Die Analysen zeigen, dass die Konsequenzen des Elternverlustes komplex sind und zwischen den Untersuchungspopulationen divergieren. Während der Verlust der Mutter in beiden Populationen unmittelbar zu einer erhöhten Mortalität von Jungen und Mädchen führt, erweisen sich die Konsequenzen des Vaterverlustes als höchst divers. Es stellt sich zu diesem heraus, dass nicht nur der unmittelbare Elternverlust die Mortalität der betroffenen Individuen beeinflusst, sondern auch die Folgen wie beispielsweise die erneute Heirat des überlebenden Elternteils. Die Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen sozio-ökonomischen Lage birgt dabei ein großes Erklärungspotenzial. Während in Québec, das sich im Untersuchungszeitraum in einem Expansionsprozess befindet, die Wiederheirat des überlebenden Elternteils nicht mit mortalitätserhöhenden Folgen verbunden ist, lässt sich in der Krummhörn, welche als gesättigtes Habitat bezeichnet werden kann, ein deutlicher Effekt zeigen. Die Wiederheirat des Vaters führt in der Krummhörn vor allem bei den Mädchen zu einer stark erhöhten Mortalität. Erklärt werden kann dies durch die fehlenden Expansionsmöglichkeiten in der Krummhörn. Für die Stiefmutter macht es aus evolutions-biologischer Perspektive unter diesen Bedingungen Sinn, die Kinder aus der ersten Ehe ihres Mannes zu diskriminieren (vgl. Cinderella-Effekt). Die in dieser Arbeit identifizierten Langzeitfolgen zeigen, dass unter bestimmten Bedingungen der frühe Elternverlust zu einer geringeren Mortalität der betroffenen Individuen im späteren Leben führen kann, während andere Bedingungen zu einer erhöhten Mortalität führen. Diese Ergebnisse lassen sich teilweise nach der Hypothese von Störmer und Willführ erklären, während einige Langzeitfolgen sich nicht durch diese Hypothese erklären lassen

Research on The Criminal Liability of Battered Woman’s Homicidal Act

“受虐妇女杀夫”，其间的暴力与血腥令人震惊、唏嘘，却让普通大众看见了女性在遭受经年累月的家庭暴力后的无奈抗争。在当今法治社会，受虐妇女应当为其所犯罪行承当相应的刑事责任，但其情可悯。此类案件系因长期的家庭暴力所引起，在刑事诉讼当中具有独特性，其在刑事责任的认定上，应当与普通故意杀人行为相区别，以做到罚当其罪。 针对受虐妇女杀夫行为的定性，域外“受虐妇女综合症”理论可谓“另辟蹊径”，同时，此理论对传统正当防卫的大胆突破亦让人耳目一新。乍看之下，其的确为我国受虐妇女杀夫案件的处理提供了一条新思路，但是，此条思路在我国的司法实践中遭遇了巨大“尴尬”，即：受虐妇女综合症与我国正当防卫的时间条件、限度...Battered women’s behavior of murdering husband really shocks us , while it lets the public see the battered women’s helpless fighting against the domestic violence for years. We really feel sorry for them. In modern legal system society, the battered women should bear the corresponding criminal liability, though their bitter experience is sympathetic. There are specific characteristics for such ca...学位：法学硕士院系专业：法学院_刑法学学号：1362012115017

Older fathers' children have lower evolutionary fitness across four centuries and in four populations

Peer reviewe

Relaxed selection and mutation accumulation are best studied empirically : reply to Woodley of Menie et al.

Correction to: replay to Woodley of Menie et al. 10.1098/rspb.2018.1427.Peer reviewe

Disease load at conception predicts survival in later epidemics in a historical French-Canadian cohort, suggesting functional trans-generational effects in humans

Objective Functional trans-generational and parental effects are potentially important determinants of health in several mammals. For humans, the existing evidence is weak. We investigate whether disease exposure triggers functional trans-generational response effects among humans by analyzing siblings who were conceived under different disease loads, and comparing their mortality in later epidemics. Under functional trans-generational response mechanisms, we expect that those who were conceived under high pathogenic stress load will have relatively low mortality during a later epidemic. Methods We use data from the Registre de la Population du Québec Ancien, which covers the historical population living in St. Lawrence Valley, Québec, Canada. Children born in 1705–1724 were grouped according to their exposure during conception to the measles 1714–15 epidemic. The 1714–15 epidemic was followed by two mortality crises in 1729–1734. The cause of the first crises in 1729 is not exactly known. The second crisis in 1732 was caused by a smallpox epidemic. Using proportional hazard Cox regression models with multivariate adjustment and with fixed-effects approach that compare siblings, we analyze whether mortality in 1729–1734 is affected by exposure to the 1714–15 epidemic. Results Children who were conceived during the peak of the measles epidemic of 1714–15 exhibited significantly lower mortality during the 1729–1734 crisis than those who were born before the 1714–15 epidemic (mortality hazard ratio 0.106, p<.05 in multivariate adjusted models; 0.142 p<.1 in sibling comparison models). Conclusions The results are consistent with a trans-generational mechanism that functionally responds to pathogen stress and suggest that early disease exposure may be protective later in life. Alternative explanations for the mortality patterns are discussed and shown to be problemati

Social Strata Differentials in Reproductive Behavior among Agricultural Families in the Krummhörn Region (East Frisia, 1720-1874)

In this paper, we investigate how the reproductive behavior of families in the historical Krummhörn region was affected by their social status and by short-term fluctuations in their socioeconomic conditions. Poisson and Cox regression models are used to analyze the age at first reproduction, fertility, the sex ratio of the offspring, sex-specific infant/child survival, and the number of children. In addition, we investigate how fluctuations in crop prices affected infant and child mortality and fertility using Cox proportional regression models. We also include information about the seasonal climate that may have had an effect on crop prices, as well as on infant mortality via other pathways. We find that the economic upper class produced more infants and had more children who survived to adulthood than the lower social strata. While the upper class did not have lower infant and child mortality than the lower class, they had more surviving children because of their shorter birth intervals and lower female age at marriage. Crop prices did not affect mortality or fertility before 1820. From 1820 onwards, high crop prices were associated with increased child (but not infant) mortality and with extended inter-birth intervals. We believe this period-sensitive response to changes in the crop price was the result of a social transition that took place during our study period, in which relations between the classes went from being based on communal “table fellowships” (Tischgemeinschaft) to being based on capitalist employer/employee arrangements

Social Strata Differentials in Reproductive Behavior among Agricultural Families in the Krummhörn Region (East Frisia, 1720-1874)

In this paper, we investigate how the reproductive behavior of families in the historical Krummhörn region was affected by their social status and by short-term fluctuations in their socioeconomic conditions. Poisson and Cox regression models are used to analyze the age at first reproduction, fertility, the sex ratio of the offspring, sex-specific infant/child survival, and the number of children. In addition, we investigate how fluctuations in crop prices affected infant and child mortality and fertility using Cox proportional regression models. We also include information about the seasonal climate that may have had an effect on crop prices, as well as on infant mortality via other pathways. We find that the economic upper class produced more infants and had more children who survived to adulthood than the lower social strata. While the upper class did not have lower infant and child mortality than the lower class, they had more surviving children because of their shorter birth intervals and lower female age at marriage. Crop prices did not affect mortality or fertility before 1820. From 1820 onwards, high crop prices were associated with increased child (but not infant) mortality and with extended inter-birth intervals. We believe this period-sensitive response to changes in the crop price was the result of a social transition that took place during our study period, in which relations between the classes went from being based on communal “table fellowships” (Tischgemeinschaft) to being based on capitalist employer/employee arrangements

Are step-parents always evil? Parental death, remarriage, and child survival in demographically saturated Krummhörn (1720-1859) and expanding Québec (1670-1750)

Parental death precipitates a cascade of events leading to more or less detrimental exposures, from the sudden and dramatic interruption of parental care through the cohabitation with step parents and siblings in a recomposed family. This paper compares the effect of early parental loss on the survival of children in the past in the Krummhörn region of East Frisia (Germany) and in the French Canadians settlers of the Saint-Lawrence Valley (Quebec, Canada). The Krummhörn region was characterized by a saturated habitat with little expansion possibilities, while the opportunities for establishing a new family were virtually unlimited for the French Canadian settlers. These widely dissimilar environmental and socio-economic conditions led to contrasted impacts of early parental loss. Event history analyses with time-varying specification of family structure are used on a sample of 7,077 boys and 6,906 girls born between 1720 and 1859 in the Krummhörn region and 31,490 boys and 33,109 boys whose parents married between 1670 and 1750 in Québec. Results indicate that in both populations parental loss is associated with increased infant and child mortality. Maternal loss has a universal and consistent effect for both sexes, while the impact of paternal loss is less easy to establish and to interpret. The effect of the remarriage of the surviving spouse is population-specific: Mother’s remarriage has no effect in Krummhörn, while children in Quebec tended to benefit from the mother’s remarriage. In contrast, father’s remarriage in Krummhörn reduced dramatically the survival chances of the children born from his former marriage, while such effect was not seen for Quebec. These population-specific effects appear to be driven by availability of resources and call into question the universality of the so-called “Cinderella” effect.