Taxonomy and occurrence of Dendroris nigra and Dendrodoris fumata in the Indo-west Pacific.

The nudibranch Dendrodoris nigra (Stimpson, 1855) has hitherto been considered as a single, highly poly-chromic species. Our investigations of external morphology, anatomy and colour variation have revealed more than one species exists. This conclusion gives credibility to the previous discovery of differing developmental patterns within D. nigra. Besides D. nigra, we recognise Dendrodoris fumata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) which has three distinguishable colour forms. The occurrence of D. nigra is confirmed to be extensive, however, the species was not found to be circum-Australian as previously reported. The presence of D. fumata in Australia is confirmed and the species is also reported from Hong Kong and Fiji for the first time. The clear separation of these two species and recognition of the different colour forms will permit a more accurate picture of their distribution

La detención en flagrancia configurado en el Decreto Legislativo Nº 989 en contraposición a los elementos establecidos por el Tribunal Constitucional para la flagrancia del delito

La presente tesis titulada “La Detención en Flagrancia configurado en el Decreto Legislativo Nº 989 en contraposición a los elementos establecidos por el Tribunal Constitucional para la Flagrancia del Delito” ha sido realizado en base a diferentes fuentes bibliográficas, así como un trabajo de campo que han servido de apoyo para cumplir con los objetivos trazados desde el inicio de nuestra tesis.Tesi

New insights into Holocene economies and environments of central East Timor: Analysis of the molluscan assemblage at the rockshelter site of Hatu Sour

In the central region of East Timor (the proper name for this nation being TimorLeste) little is known of prehistoric economies beyond 2000 years ago, most previous archaeological studies having been concentrated around the Baucau plateau and eastern end of the island. The village of Laleia on the Laleia River is located 20 km east of the main district town of Manatuto on the central northern coast. Recent excavations at the nearby rockshelter site of Hatu Sour have revealed a deep archaeological sequence that dates from approx. 11,000 years ago until the recent past. This paper examines the shellfish (i.e., molluscan) assemblage from the excavation at Hatu Sour for what it can reveal about prehistoric economies and the environment of this strategic region throughout the Holocene.Thank you to the people of Laleia for allowing us access to their sites, Ministry staff, Secretariat of Culture, Timor-Leste for support, Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP0878543) and the Australian National University for funding

The site of Leki Wakik, Manatuto District, Timor‑Leste

Leki Wakik is a large hilltop site with several large stone walls and circular stone arrangements located within the Manatuto district in the central region of Timor-Leste. It is similar to other hilltop sites in the area whose function and occupation time frame have been subject to debate (e.g. Lape and Chao 2008; O’Connor et al. 2012). In August 2011, a team from The Australian National University (ANU) supported by Timorese workers mapped the site and excavated five test pits intended to assess site use and occupation time frame. A substantial artefact assemblage was recovered that includes lithics, earthenware pottery, ceramics and faunal remains, which provides evidence of the use of the site and the surrounding landscape and, particularly, whether unusual circular stone arrangements demarcate special activity or occupation areas. A series of radiocarbon dates from an unusual area surrounded on three sides by large stone walls provide chronological context for the site

Excavations at the site of Vasino, Lautem District, Timor-Leste

This chapter explores the archaeology and ethnohistory of one of the distinctive fortified settlements in the eastern part of Timor-Leste. In 2009, a team from The Australian National University (ANU), together with local people, partially excavated the site of Vasino, located close to the north coast of Timor-Leste, above the modern village of Moro-Parlamento (Figure 4.1). The site had been fortified with large stone walls and the aim was to provide more data on when, how and why these fortifications were used in the region. Two related questions guided the research. First, when was the main period of fort construction initiated? Secondly, what were the prevailing environmental and social conditions of those times

Metal-Age maritime culture at Jareng Bori rockshelter, Pantar Island, eastern Indonesia

The archaeological record of Wallacea remains exceptionally fragmentary. This is especially the case for late Holocene human occupation of the region when lifestyle and culture in marginal island environments is relatively unknown. Here we report on the archaeology of Jareng Bori rockshelter, a Metal-Age site spanning c. 1800 cal. BP up to the late historic period and situated on the eastern coast of Pantar Island in the Lesser Sunda Islands of eastern Indonesia. We use osteoarchaeological (human and vertebrate remains), invertebrate zooarchaeological (crustacean and molluscan remains), technological (lithics, shell, and pottery) and chemical sourcing (obsidian and metal) datasets to discuss networking, migration, and human subsistence strategies during this recent period of history. While some communities were no doubt living in open village settlements where they were producing pottery, the data indicate that aspects of maritime life-ways continued much as in earlier Pleistocene settlements, with people using rockshelters like Jareng Bori to pursue a range of subsistence activities focused on the shoreline. Shellfishing of rocky and reef intertidal species and fishing for mostly small herbivorous and omnivorous fishes was practised, while domestic animals only appear in the late historic period. Wider regional cultural interactions and networking are epitomized by obsidian exchange, dental modification practices, and pottery decorations, while lithic analyses indicates continuity of stone tool technology up until recent times

Oldest human occupation of Wallacea at Laili Cave, Timor-Leste, shows broad-spectrum foraging responses to late Pleistocene environments

The Wallacea Archipelago provides an extraordinary laboratory for the study of human colonisation and adaptation, yet few detailed archaeological studies have been conducted in the region that span the earliest phase of human settlement. Laili Cave, in northern Timor-Leste, preserves the oldest human occupation in this insular region with a cultural sequence spanning 11,200 to 44,600 cal BP. Small-bodied vertebrates and invertebrates were recovered to the lowest excavated levels, associated with highly concentrated stone artefacts. We report on human behavioural adaptations within the context of Pleistocene environments and changing landscapes using zooarchaeological, stone artefact, bathymetric, and experimental isotopic analyses. Results indicate that Pleistocene humans used the abundant local chert liberally and engaged in mobile broad-spectrum exploitation of invertebrates and fishes from marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments within close proximity of Laili Cave. The faunal assemblage indicates heterogeneous but relatively stable environments during the late Pleistocene. Variability in subsistence strategies over time appears to be a response to changing landscapes and concomitant local resources. This record contrasts with marine specialisations evident from other sites in Timor-Leste and within the broader Wallacean regionThe excavation and dating of Laili was funded by ARC Discovery Grant DP0878543 and analyses by ARC Laureate Project FL120100156

Appendectomy versus non-operative treatment for acute uncomplicated appendicitis in children: Study protocol for a multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial

Background Appendectomy is considered the gold standard treatment for acute appendicitis. Recently the need for surgery has been challenged in both adults and children. In children there is growing clinician, patient and parental interest in non-operative treatment of acute appendicitis with antibiotics as opposed to surgery. To date no multicentre randomised controlled trials that are appropriately powered to determine efficacy of nonoperative treatment (antibiotics) for acute appendicitis in children compared with surgery (appendectomy) have been performed. Methods Multicentre, international, randomised controlled trial with a non-inferiority design. Children (age 5–16 years) with a clinical and/or radiological diagnosis of acute uncomplicated appendicitis will be randomised (1:1 ratio) to receive either laparoscopic appendectomy or treatment with intravenous (minimum 12 hours) followed by oral antibiotics (total course 10 days). Allocation to groups will be stratified by gender, duration of symptoms (≫ or \u3c48 hours) and centre. Children in both treatment groups will follow a standardised treatment pathway. Primary outcome is treatment failure defined as additional intervention related to appendicitis requiring general anaesthesia within 1 year of randomisation (including recurrent appendicitis) or negative appendectomy. Important secondary outcomes will be reported and a cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed. The primary outcome will be analysed on a non-inferiority basis using a 20% non-inferiority margin. Planned sample size is 978 children. Discussion The APPY trial will be the first multicentre randomised trial comparing non-operative treatment with appendectomy for acute uncomplicated appendicitis in children. The results of this trial have the potential to revolutionise the treatment of this common gastrointestinal emergency. The randomised design will limit the effect of bias on outcomes seen in other studies. Trial registration number clinicaltrials.gov:NCT02687464. Registered on Jan 13th 2016