Alan Brissenden

Ann Blake

Brian Willan

David Carnegie

Deborah Seddon

Dennis Schauffer

Emma Cox

Julie McDougall

Laurence Wright

Mark Houlihan

Natasha Distiller

Peter Merrington

Peter Titlestad

Rebecca Fensome

Richard Madelaine

Robert Gordon

Rohan Quince

Rosemary Gaby

Victor Houliston

Multicultural Shakespeare Translation Appropriation and Performance

English

Wright Laurence

Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (University of Lodz Repository)

1IntroductionLaurence WrightThis collection of essays results from a research and publication programme entitled “The Southern Hemisphere Spread of Shakespeare”, which was launched internationally at the World Shakespeare Congress in Brisbane, in 2006. The intention of the project, conceived some two years earlier, was to try and describe in more detail the cultural and socio-political sub-system which enabled Shakespeare to “spread”, take hold, and move backwards and forwards in different ways between England, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Around this central issue, the project prospectus floated several provocations:How and why has Shakespeare made his way in the evolving cultural landscapes of the southern hemisphere? Does Shakespeare ‘spread’ uniformly like jam on a slice of toast? Like an infection among a captive populace, a seemingly immaterial (book or performance-based) virus? Or does Shakespeare transplant and take root like an exotic organism in foreign soil? Does he ‘shed’ from metropolitan touring companies like grain dropped from a peripatetic harvest-wagon? What causes Shakespeare to mutate in unfamiliar social and political surroundings? Is Shakespeare intentionally ‘imported’, and if so does he pay ‘customs’ duty? Is Shakespeare ‘dumped’ on colonies as cultural surplus? Can there be ‘indigenous’ Shakespeare? (“Project Rationale”) While the project has certainly produced a considerable volume of work, including the present volume and a special issue of The Shakespearean International Yearbook entitled South African Shakespeare in the Twentieth Century (see Volume 9, 2009), it was evidently problematic for collaborators to move beyond a nationalistic or at most a regional purview (see the Checklist included in this volume). The honorable exception here is Richard Madelaine’s work on Oscar Asche’s 1912 tour of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, published in Shakespeare in Southern Africa. In that case funding was secured to hire a research assistant to access the South African material. Sustaining reliable long-term research funding for the larger project proved difficult. The main South African funding agency, the National Research Foundation, hit a glitch when the second phase of the research design, involving expensive international Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance vol. 8 (23), 2011DOI: 10.2478/v10224-011-0001-xLaurence Wright is Director of the Institute for the Study of English in Africa at Rhodes University. He is Honorary Life President of the Shakespeare Society of Southern Africa, Chairman of the Grahamstown Foundation and Vice President of the English Academy of Southern Africa.Laurence Wright2collaboration, was about to go forward, and the larger scheme had to be put on hold. That issue aside, participating researchers (including myself) found themselves more readily attracted to local and relatively recent Shakespearean developments, rather than the rich and under-explored material which documents “travelling Shakespeare” in the nineteenth century. The story of the great touring companies moving to and fro, and their impact on the seeding of indigenous theatre, has yet to be told as a coherent development. We evidently prefer to linger on impacts in our own back yards. Despite this, what has been achieved in these essays makes fascinating reading, opening up large areas for further investigation. Let us hope that this foray into Australasian and South African Shakespeare stimulates other researchers to take up the theme. There is some great material upon which to build.  The articles assembled here are introduced and contextualised in the opening piece, “Interrogating the Spread of Shakespeare”.Works CitedMadelaine, Richard. “‘Sharper than a serpent’s tooth’: Audiences’ Ingratitude and   Oscar Asche’s Tour of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, 1912-1913”.    Shakespeare in Southern Africa 19 (2007): 1-8.Wright, Laurence. “Checklist of Publications from the Southern Hemisphere               Spread of  Shakespeare Project”. Multicultural Shakespeare 9 (2011): 129-131.---. “Interrogating the Spread of Shakespeare”. Multicultural Shakespeare 9: 7-20.---. “Project rationale”. Unpublished concept document circulated to participants           in the  Southern Hemisphere Spread of Shakespeare Research and Publication                programme.---. South African Shakespeare in the Twentieth Century. Special Issue of  The Shakespearean International Yearbook 9 (2009). Edited and introduced by   Laurence Wright. General Editors, Graham Bradshaw and Tom Bishop.    Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate.Checklist 3Laurence WrightChecklist of Publications from the Southern Hemisphere Spread of Shakespeare ProgrammeBlake, Ann and Sue Tweg. “The Melbourne Shakespeare Society: Bardolatry, Resistance and Fellowship”. Multicultural Shakespeare 9 (2011): 41-58.Brissenden, Alan. “Dancing Shakespeare in Australia”. Multicultural             Shakespeare  9 (2011): 59-74.Carnegie, David. “‘What country, friends, is this?’: Australian and New Zealand Productions of Twelfth Night in the Twentieth Century”. Multicultural Shakespeare 9 (2011): 21-40.Cox, Emma. “‘What’s past is prologue’: Shakespeare and Aboriginal Australia on Stage”. Multicultural Shakespeare 9 (2011): 75-96.Distiller, Natasha. “Tony’s Will: Titus Andronicus in South Africa 1995”.Shakespearean International Yearbook 9 (2009): 152-170.Fensome, Rebecca. “Giving Place to Shakespeare in Africa: Geoffrey Harsnape’s African Tales from Shakespeare”. Shakespearean International Yearbook 9 (2009): 171-192.Gaby, Rosemary. “Venturing Outside: The Emergence of Australian Open-air Shakespeare”. Multicultural Shakespeare 9 (2011): 111-128.Gordon, Robert. “Iago and the swaart gevaar: the Problems and Pleasures of a (Post)colonial   Othello”. Shakespearean International Yearbook 9 (2009): 131-151.Houlihan, Mark. “‘And like the Antipodes in shoes / Have shod their heads in their canoes’: Or, When we find the great Southern Shakespeare what will it look like ?” Shakespeare in Southern Africa 19 (2007): 77-79.Houliston, Victor. “The Merchant of Venice in the City of Gold”. Shakespearean International Yearbook 9 (2009): 46-65.Madelaine, Richard. “‘Sharper than a serpent’s tooth’: Audiences’ Ingratitude and Oscar Asche’s Tour of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, 1912-1913”. Shakespeare in Southern Africa 19 (2007): 1-8.McDougall, Julie. “Māori Take on Shakespeare”. Multicultural Shakespeare 9   (2011): 97-110.Merrington, Peter. “Loyal Memory: The Tercentenary in Colonial Cape Town”. Shakespearean International Yearbook 9 (2009): 29-45.Quince, Rohan. “Shakespeare on the Apartheid Stage”. Shakespearean International Yearbook 9 (2009): 87-104.Seddon, Deborah. “The Colonial Encounter and The Comedy of Errors: Solomon Plaatje’s Diphosho-phosho”. Shakespearean International Yearbook 9 (2009): 66-86.Laurence Wright4---. “Shakespeare’s Orality: Solomon Plaatje’s Setswana Translations”. English Studies in Africa. 42.2 (2004): 77-95.Schauffer, Dennis. “Shakespeare Performance in Pietermaritzburg, Natal, prior to 1914”. Shakespeare in Southern Africa 19 (2007): 9-23.Titlestad, Peter and Karina Sevenhuysen. “The Struggle for Freedom: Shakespeare on the Eastern Frontier”. Shakespeare in Southern Africa 19 (2007):25-35.Willan, Brian. “Shakespeare and the ‘civilizing mission’? African engagement with Shakespeare in South Africa 1860s to 1880s”. Shakespeare in Southern Africa (forthcoming).  Wright, Laurence. “Archdeacon Merriman, Caliban, and the Cattle-Killing of 1856-57”. African Studies 67.2 (2008): 257- 273.---. “Cultivating Grahamstown: Nathaniel Merriman, Shakespeare and Books”. Shakespeare in Southern Africa 20 (2008): 25-37.---. “Disgrace as J.M. Coetzee’s Tempest”. Renaissance Poetry and Drama in Context: Essays for Christopher Wortham. Ed. Andrew Lynch and Anne M. Scott. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholar’s Publishing, 2008. 303-316.---. “Hill of Fools: A South African Romeo and Juliet?” English in Africa 30.2 (2004). Peteni Special Edition. 31.2 (2004): 73-88.---. “Interrogating the Spread of Shakespeare”. Multicultural Shakespeare 9   (2011): 7-20.---. “Nathaniel Merriman’s Lecture: ‘On the Study of Shakspeare.’”  Shakespeare in Southern Africa 20 (2008): 39-61.---. “Nathaniel Merriman’s Lecture: ‘Shakspeare as Bearing on English History.’” Shakespeare in Southern Africa 21 (2009): 1-21.---. “The Relevance of (South African) Renaissance Studies”. Shakespeare in Southern Africa 17 (2005): 19-25.---. “Re-positioning Renaissance Studies in South Africa: Strategic thinking or    ‘business-as-usual’”. Shakespeare in Southern Africa 18 (2006): 1-9.---. “South African Shakespeare in the Twentieth Century”. Shakespearean International Yearbook 9 (2009): 3-28.---. “Trafficking in Shakespeare: Origins and Prospects for the ‘Southern Hemisphere Spread pf Shakespeare’ Research and Publication Programme”. Shakespeare in Southern Africa 19 (2007): 71-75.---. “Umabatha: Global and Local”. English Studies in Africa. Special issue on ‘Globalizing the English Renaissance.’ 47.2 (2005): 93-106.---. “Umabatha: Zulu Play or Shakespeare Translation?” Shakespearean Inter-national Yearbook 9 (2009): 105-130.

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