5,841 research outputs found
Evolution of Resource Competition between Mutually Dependent Digital Organisms
We study the emergence and dynamics of competing strains of digital organisms in a world with two depletable resources. Consumption of one resource produces the other resource as a by-product, and vice versa. As a consequence, two types of mutually dependent organisms emerge that each prey on the waste product of the other. In the absence of mutations, that is, in a purely ecological setting, the abundances of the two types of organisms display a wide range of different types of oscillations, from regular
oscillations with large amplitude to irregular oscillations with amplitudes ranging from small to large. In this regime,
time-averaged abundance levels seem to be controlled by the
relative fitness of the organisms in the absence of resources. Under mutational pressure, on the other hand, populations evolve that seem to avoid the oscillations of intermediate to large amplitudes. In this case, the relative fitness of the organisms in the presence of resources plays an important role in the time-averaged abundance levels as well
Tradeoff between short-term and long-term adaptation in a changing environment
We investigate the competition dynamics of two microbial or viral strains
that live in an environment that switches periodically between two states. One
of the strains is adapted to the long-term environment, but pays a short-term
cost, while the other is adapted to the short-term environment and pays a cost
in the long term. We explore the tradeoff between these alternative strategies
in extensive numerical simulations, and present a simple analytic model that
can predict the outcome of these competitions as a function of the mutation
rate and the time scale of the environmental changes. Our model is relevant for
arboviruses, which alternate between different host species on a regular basis.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, PRE in pres
The look-ahead effect of phenotypic mutations
The evolution of complex molecular traits such as disulphide bridges often
requires multiple mutations. The intermediate steps in such evolutionary
trajectories are likely to be selectively neutral or deleterious. Therefore,
large populations and long times may be required to evolve such traits. We
propose that errors in transcription and translation may allow selection for
the intermediate mutations if the final trait provides a large enough selective
advantage. We test this hypothesis using a population based model of protein
evolution. If an individual acquires one of two mutations needed for a novel
trait, the second mutation can be introduced into the phenotype due to
transcription and translation errors. If the novel trait is advantageous
enough, the allele with only one mutation will spread through the population,
even though the gene sequence does not yet code for the complete trait. The
first mutation then has a higher frequency than expected without phenotypic
mutations giving the second mutation a higher probability of fixation. Thus,
errors allow protein sequences to ''look-ahead'' for a more direct path to a
complex trait.Comment: Submitted to "Genetics
Ergosterol Effect on the Desaturation of 14C-Cis-Vaccenate in Tetrahymena
Supplement of ergosterol to the growth medium of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis W leads to incorporation of the foreign sterol within cell membranes and suppression of synthesis of the native sterol-like compound tetrahymanol, as well as to changes in the fatty acid compositions of several major classes of membrane lipid. Alteration of fatty acid composition is thought to represent a regulatory mechanism whereby optimum membrane fluidity is maintained when the slightly dissimilar foreign sterol is added into the phospholipid bilayer of the membranes.
The present study, using several different conditions of growth temperature, substrate concentrations and incubation time, and ergosterol concentrations and exposure time, is an attempt to provide evidence supporting a hypothetical regulatory mechanism. This mechanism proposes that there is a feedback regulation by membrane-bound sterol on an enzyme or enzymes involved in synthesis of the long chain fatty acids contained in membrane phospholipid. Such a mechanism could account for the balance between sterol and fatty acid content of membrane. The data presented here show that a statistically significant increase in desaturation of 14C-cis-vaccenate can be demonstrated in Tetrahymena cell cultures whose membranes contain the foreign sterol, when growth temperature is maintained at 20° or 29.5°.
Tetrahymena desaturated 14C-cis-vaccenate substrate in both ergosterol supplemented and normal cultures. The 14C labeled product, 6,11-18:2 was recovered and separated by silver nitrate-Unisil column chromatography
Knowledge and Utilization of Knowledge of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women over Age Sixty
Strong magnetoresistance induced by long-range disorder
We calculate the semiclassical magnetoresistivity of
non-interacting fermions in two dimensions moving in a weak and smoothly
varying random potential or random magnetic field. We demonstrate that in a
broad range of magnetic fields the non-Markovian character of the transport
leads to a strong positive magnetoresistance. The effect is especially
pronounced in the case of a random magnetic field where becomes
parametrically much larger than its B=0 value.Comment: REVTEX, 4 pages, 2 eps figure
Zero-frequency anomaly in quasiclassical ac transport: Memory effects in a two-dimensional metal with a long-range random potential or random magnetic field
We study the low-frequency behavior of the {\it ac} conductivity
of a two-dimensional fermion gas subject to a smooth random
potential (RP) or random magnetic field (RMF). We find a non-analytic
correction to , which corresponds to a
long-time tail in the velocity correlation function. This contribution
is induced by return processes neglected in Boltzmann transport theory. The
prefactor of this -term is positive and proportional to for
RP, while it is of opposite sign and proportional to in the weak RMF
case, where is the mean free path and the disorder correlation length.
This non-analytic correction also exists in the strong RMF regime, when the
transport is of a percolating nature. The analytical results are supported and
complemented by numerical simulations.Comment: 12 pages, RevTeX, 7 figure
On quasilinear parabolic evolution equations in weighted Lp-spaces II
Our study of abstract quasi-linear parabolic problems in time-weighted
L_p-spaces, begun in [17], is extended in this paper to include singular lower
order terms, while keeping low initial regularity. The results are applied to
reaction-diffusion problems, including Maxwell-Stefan diffusion, and to
geometric evolution equations like the surface-diffusion flow or the Willmore
flow. The method presented here will be applicable to other parabolic systems,
including free boundary problems.Comment: 21 page
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