Основы теории действий в условиях неопределенности

Цель исследования: рассмотреть теорию непредвиденных обстоятельств, включая взаимосвязь между непредвиденными ситуациями и управленческими показателями, на основе которых можно будет вывести алгоритм действий в условиях неопределенности для каждого предприятия в отдельности (так как не существует универсальных систем, которые можно применять в любой организации)

A Nd Isotopic Study of Southern Sourced Waters and Indonesian Throughflow at Intermediate Depths in the Cenozoic Indian Ocean

We present Nd isotopic data for fossil fish teeth recovered from the past 40 m.y. at ODP Site 757, currentlylocated at 1650m water depth on the Ninetyeast Ridge in the Indian Ocean. Although Site 757 sits in a regionstrongly influenced by weathering inputs from the Himalayas and volcanic inputs from the Indonesian arc, the pattern of Nd isotopic variations does not appear to respond to these potential sources of Nd. Instead, secular variations correlate to changes in the composition of intermediate to deep water masses bathing thesite and circulation patterns in the Indian Ocean. From ~40 to 10 Ma, eNd values and the pattern of change at Site 757 closely match those of ODP Site 1090, a deep water site in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Comparison to data from several Fe-Mn crusts in the Indian Ocean suggests that intermediate to deep waterflow paths were similar to the modern distribution of Circumpolar DeepWater. At approximately 10 Ma, Ndisotopic values increase in a step function by 2 eNd units, suggesting that plate motions had carried Site 757into a region influenced by Indonesian Throughflow. Estimates of the vertical and horizontal position of thissite at 10 Ma imply that Indonesian Throughflow extended as far south as ~20S and to a depth of ~1500 m. From 10 to 0 Ma, Nd isotopic variations at Site 757 appear to record variations in Indonesian Throughflow. From 10 to 5.5 Ma, values at Site 757 overlap with those from crusts located in the southwest Pacific,indicating extensive flow through the Indonesian Seaway. From 5.5 to 3.4 Ma, eNd values become lessradiogenic at Site 757 and more radiogenic in the southwest Pacific, suggesting increasing closure of theseaway and concomitant rerouting of equatorial Pacific waters. Beginning at 3.4 Ma, eNd values becomemore radiogenic again at Site 757, which may be attributed to enhanced opening of the seaway or to a changein the source of Throughflow waters from a southern to a northern Pacific region

Seismic evidence for bottom current activity at the Agulhas Ridge

The South Atlantic is a region where water masses from the Atlantic andIndian Oceans meet Antarctic water masses.The Agulhas Ridge in the eastern South Atlantic is a pronouncedelevation of the ocean bottom which witnessed major changes inoceanic circulation since the Cretaceous.It has acted as a barrier for deep oceanic currents of Atlantic originlike the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic origin like theAntarctic Bottom Water (AABW), or water masses derived from AABW such asCircumpolar Deep Water (CDW).The history of these currents is recorded in the sedimentary sequencein the adjacent Cape and Agulhas Basins.Seismic profiles over the Agulhas Ridge show sediment packagesin the Cape Basin which are identified as contourite sheets.These consist of thick, seismically predominantly low reflectivesequences interrupted by widespread hiatuses.ODP Leg 177 cores date hiatuses linked with widespread discontinuitiesin the Early Oligocene, the Middle Miocene, around the Miocene/Plioceneboundary and in the early Pleistocene.These hiatuses are clear markers inside contourite drift bodies and thisis used to date an elongate contourite drift in the Cape Basin.This drift shows sediments deposited by a westward current, implicatingthat the bottom current in the Oligocene followed the same trajectory aspresent-day CDW does