Constructing categories and setoids of setoids in type theory

In this paper we consider the problem of building rich categories of setoids, in standard intensional Martin-L\"of type theory (MLTT), and in particular how to handle the problem of equality on objects in this context. Any (proof-irrelevant) family F of setoids over a setoid A gives rise to a category C(A, F) of setoids with objects A. We may regard the family F as a setoid of setoids, and a crucial issue in this article is to construct rich or large enough such families. Depending on closure conditions of F, the category C(A, F) has corresponding categorical constructions. We exemplify this with finite limits. A very large family F may be obtained from Aczel's model construction of CZF in type theory. It is proved that the category so obtained is isomorphic to the internal category of sets in this model. Set theory can thus establish (categorical) properties of C(A, F) which may be used in type theory. We also show that Aczel's model construction may be extended to include the elements of any setoid as atoms or urelements. As a byproduct we obtain a natural extension of CZF, adding atoms. This extension, CZFU, is validated by the extended model. The main theorems of the paper have been checked in the proof assistant Coq which is based on MLTT. A possible application of this development is to integrate set-theoretic and type-theoretic reasoning in proof assistants.Comment: 14 page

Demand and Distance: Evidence on Cross-Border Shopping

While many studies have documented deviations from the Law of One Price in international settings, evidence is scarce on the extent to which consumers take advantage of price differentials and engage in cross border shopping. We use data from 287 Swedish municipalities to estimate how responsive alcohol sales are to foreign prices, and relate the sensitivity to the location’s distance to the border. Typical results suggest that the elasticity with respect to the foreign price is around 0.4 in the border region; moving 200 (400) kilometers inland reduces it to 0.2 (0.1). Given that cross country price differences for alcohol and other products are often caused by taxes, our evidence has implications for the debate on tax competition/harmonization.Law of one price; tax competition; tax harmonization; cross border shopping; European integration.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIALIZATION, APPLICATION SYSTEM QUALITY, APPLICATION USAGE KNOWLEDGE, AND THE USE OF THE E-SAMSAT APPLICATION AS A MEDIATION VARIABLE ON MOTOR VEHICLE TAXPAYER COMPLIANCE (CASE STUDY IN BEKASI CITY)

This research was conducted as a case study in Bekasi City because revenue receipts, especially in vehicle taxes and the number of motorized vehicle owners, have increased significantly in 2018-2022. The government made an innovation in the form of an online application called "E-SAMSAT," which aims to reduce the number of taxpayers who do not comply with their motorized vehicle obligations and make it easier for taxpayers to carry out their obligations without the need to come to the SAMSAT office. This study examines the effect of socialization, the quality of the application system, and the knowledge of using the application on motor vehicle taxpayer compliance mediated by using the E-Samsat application. This research uses quantitative methods. The population in this study is the number of registered motor vehicle taxpayers in Bekasi City. Sampling using the random sampling method and the number of samples determined as many as 99 samples with the Slovin formula. We collected data using an e-survey with a questionnaire. This study used linear regression analysis and PROCESS by Hayes with the IBM SPSS 26 application. These results showed that socialization, application system quality, and application usage knowledge significantly affected motor vehicle taxpayer compliance mediated by the use of the E-Samsat application

Entertainment design : Teollinen muotoilija viihdeteollisuudessa

Opinnäytetyössä käsitellään muotoilun metodien sovellusta viihdeteollisiin tuotteisiin - pääasiassa videopeleihin ja elokuva/tv-tuotantoihin. Teoriaosuus pitää sisällään lyhyen historian muotoilun saapumisesta elokuvateollisuuteen, sekä sen vaikutuksesta alalla tänä päivänä. Osuuteen sisältyy myös case-esimerkkejä maailmalla tunnettujen konseptimuotoilijoiden työstä viihdealalla. Käytännön osuudessa toteutan viihdepelin konseptisuunnitelman yhteistyössä Triplebit Oy:n kanssa. Tehtäväni projektissa sisältävät entertainment design alan lähes koko spektrin taiteellisesta suunnittelusta pelimekaniikkoihin. Tuotannon ajan ohjaan myös Kuopion musiikin ja tanssin yksikön opiskelijaryhmää, joka toteuttaa projektiin äänisuunnittelua. Tämän laajuuden vuoksi osuus ottaa niinsanotun designdokumentin muodon, jossa käyn läpi prosessin, sekä pelin suunnittelupäätökset.This thesis deals with applied design inside the field of entertainment industry - mainly in video gaming and film industries. In the theory section of this work I explain the concept, and outline the brief history of entertainment design, and walk the reader through select case examples by notable entertainment design professionals. In the applied theory section I design and execute, alongside my client Triplebit Ltd., the pre-production concept phase of a mobile game project. My work in this project contains a wide array of tasks inside the entertainment design field; art direction and game design, in addition to leading a team of students from Kuopio academy of music and dance. The practice section takes the form of a game design document, where I explain the full design of the game both visually and in terms of game mechanics

Expression and prognostic significance of Bcl-2 in ovarian tumours.

The expression of bcl-2 was studied in normal ovaries and in ovarian tumours by immunohistochemical analysis. Normal epithelium was strongly stained in all nine examined ovaries. In comparison, all tumour groups showed a substantially decreased tumour cell expression of the same order of magnitude. Thus, benign tumour cells were weakly stained in two and unstained in two samples, while the remaining eight showed strong expression. Of ten borderline samples, one was unstained and five had weakly and four strongly bcl-2 positive tumour cells. Finally, 24 of 50 malignant tumours showed strong staining, while weak or no expression in tumour cells was found in 16 and 10 samples respectively. The reduced staining deviated significantly from normal ovary for both borderline (P = 0.02) and malignant groups (P = 0.01). Tumour cell staining with the bcl-2 antibody was significantly reduced when tumour mass had to be left behind compared with those with no visible remaining tumour (P = 0.03 and 0.003 for weakly and strongly stained tumours respectively). The expression of bcl-2 in malignant tumour cells was inversely correlated with the expression of p53. Bcl-2 expression was correlated with survival with significantly reduced survival in weakly (P = 0.02) and unstained (P < 0.001) groups compared with those patients having strongly stained malignant tumour cells. This correlation between the presence of bcl-2 and survival was maintained in the subgroups of patients with advanced disease or with residual tumour bulk and was also the case in patients having p53-positive tumours. Our results indicate an inhibitory role of bcl-2 in development and progression of ovarian tumours

Afghanistan : A Romance Of Asia

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/2829/thumbnail.jp

Recovery from acidification of lakes in Finland, Norway and Sweden 1990?1999

International audienceSulphate deposition has decreased by about 60% in the Nordic countries since the early 1980s. Nitrogen deposition has been roughly constant during the past 20 years, with only a minor decrease in the late 1990s. The resulting changes in the chemistry of small lakes have been followed by national monitoring programmes initiated in the 1980s in Finland (163 lakes), Norway (100 lakes) and Sweden (81 lakes). These lakes are partly a subset from the survey of 5690 lakes in the Northern European lake survey of 1995. Trend analyses on data for the period 1990-1999 show that the non-marine sulphate concentrations in lakes have decreased significantly in 69% of the monitored lakes. Changes were largest in lakes with the highest mean concentrations. Nitrate concentrations, on the other hand, were generally low and showed no systematic changes. Concentrations of non-marine base cations decreased in 26% of the lakes, most probably an ionic-strength effect due to the lower concentrations of mobile strong-acid anions. Acid neutralising capacity increased in 32% of the lakes. Trends in recovery were in part masked by large year-to-year variations in sea-salt inputs and by increases in total organic carbon concentrations. These changes were most probably the result of climatic variations. Nordic lakes, therefore, show clear signs of recovery from acidification. Recovery began in the 1980s and accelerated in the 1990s. Reductions in sulphur deposition are the major "driving force" in the process of recovery from acidification. Further recovery can be expected in the next 10 years if the Gothenburg protocol on emissions of acidifying pollutants is implemented. Keywords: Nordic countries, sulphur deposition, lakes, recover