Hiram Bingham’s Expedition and the Peruvian Response: A Connecticut Yanqui in the Land of the Incas

On June 15, 1915, the renowned Yale historian-turned-explorer Hiram Bingham III returned from a three-week trek along the Salcantay trail to find his Ollantaytambo headquarters occupied by four hostile young Peruvian men. In the name of the Instituto Histórico del Cuzco, they accused him of violating the prefect’s decree prohibiting the excavation of Inca sites in the vicinity. Their suspicions were not unwarranted. Lining the walls of the office were large wooden cases, full of archaeological specimens. They demanded to investigate the contents of the boxes, charging that Bingham was smuggling gold and treasures out of Peru by way of Bolivia. Perturbed, Bingham obliged, and the Peruvians found their accusations to be without basis. Yet tensions would not subside easily. This moment marked the culmination of increasingly antagonistic relations between the Yale explorers and their Peruvian hosts, and no amount of investigation could bridge the deep divide of distrust that had formed over the past four years

Biopsychosocial risk factors for the development of conduct problems in children with autism spectrum disorder

BACKGROUND: The aim of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the rates at which oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) occur in children and adolescents with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Furthermore, the study aimed to explore moderating factors which might influence prevalence rates of these co-occurring conditions between studies. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on August 10, 2020 using the PsycInfo and Medline databases to identify relevant literature using key words and MeSH terms. Only studies of children and adolescents aged between 3-25 were included in the meta-analysis. A modified Hoy’s risk of bias tool was used to assess the bias of the included studies. Following the identification and selection of relevant articles, a meta-analysis was conducted using R-studio software. Moderator analysis was performed to explore whether participant characteristics and methodological design of studies were associated with differences in reported ODD and CD prevalence rates. Potential moderators included age, gender, intellectual ability, ethnicity, nationality, sample type, detection bias, and sampling bias. RESULTS: Nineteen eligible studies were identified including a total sample of 6,085 individuals with a diagnosis of ASD. The diagnostic rates of comorbid ODD and CD within the pooled sample were 14.03% [95% CI 9.0-21.22] and 3.13% [95% CI 1.4-5.4] respectively. There was significant heterogeneity in the rates of diagnosis between studies. Greater study bias was associated with increased rates of co-occurring diagnoses. Recruitment bias moderated the prevalence of CD but not ODD diagnoses. Detection bias moderated the number of ODD but not CD diagnoses. Study demographics, sample type, and intelligence were not associated with the prevalence rate of comorbidity found in the pooled sample. DISCUSSION: Study bias played a significant role over the rates of co-occurring CD and ODD reported in the ASD population, yet the findings should be interpreted with some caution. The meta-analysis was based on a predominantly Caucasian male sample and studies which used DSM-IV criteria to assign diagnoses. This lack of participant heterogeneity limits the generalizability of the study and underscores the importance of studying both population characteristic and methodology in meta-analyses. Future research should explore the impact that the updated DSM-5 have over co-occurring ODD and CD and focus on including more minoritized populations

2009-2010 Master Class - Roy Poper (Trumpet)

https://spiral.lynn.edu/conservatory_masterclasses/1086/thumbnail.jp

Proceedings of a Summer Institute in Water Resources: Volume 4 - General Principles of Water Resources Planning

Foreward: Recognizing the need for training of individuals to meet the rapidly rising problems connected with water resources development, Utah State University, with National Science Foundation support, organized a Summer Institute in Water Resources for college teachers. it was hoped that participants carefully selected from all regions of the country would receive additional insight and stimulation to improve and enlarge water resources training programs at their own institutions. Thus, the accelerated dissemination of such knowledge on a national scale could be facilitated. Realizing further that the key to a successful institute of this nature lay in the excellence of its staff, efforts were made to obtain instructors with intimate knowledge and broad experience int he subject matter area they were asked to rpesent. In nearly every case those selected willingly accepted the invitation to participate, although this meant considerable monetary sacrifice and major adjustment of busy schedules. The subject matter treated paralleled regular offerings listed in the University catalog and is considered to be central or core to a water resources planning and management training program. one course treated the philosophical, historical, institutional, political, and legal aspects of water development. The responsibility for this course was shared jointly with Cleve H. Milligan, Charles E. Corker, and Wayne D. Criddle. The second course considered the principles of water resources economics and was presented by B. Delworth Gardner. The third course dealt with concepts of water quality management and was under the direction of P. H. McGauhey. The final course was on principles and procedures of regional resources planning and was presented jointly by Aaron Wiener, W. R. Derrick Sewell, and Harvey O. Banks. Having assembled a distinguished and diversified staff to present some of the best current professional thinking in the topics suggested in the preceding paragraph, it was felt most appropriate to attempt to put their lectures into writing. A proceedings of the Institute would have considerable utility beyong the Institute itself. Hence, the instructors were encouraged to prepare written material for the proceedings and were given secretarial and other assistance to aid them. This material has been organized according to the four major courses and is issued in four comanion volumes. Clearly, this has been a prodigious effort which required Institute staff and others to go the extra mile. Special thanks and recognition are due Mrs. Dorothy Riley who not only typed the entire proceedings but also attended to many details necessary for the successfult operations of the Institute. Jay M. Bagley served as director of the Institute and assumed a general coordinating and editing role in the development of these proceedings

Distribution of roots of random real generalized polynomials

The average density of zeros for monic generalized polynomials, $P_n(z)=\phi(z)+\sum_{k=1}^nc_kf_k(z)$, with real holomorphic $\phi ,f_k$ and real Gaussian coefficients is expressed in terms of correlation functions of the values of the polynomial and its derivative. We obtain compact expressions for both the regular component (generated by the complex roots) and the singular one (real roots) of the average density of roots. The density of the regular component goes to zero in the vicinity of the real axis like $|\hbox{\rm Im}\,z|$. We present the low and high disorder asymptotic behaviors. Then we particularize to the large $n$ limit of the average density of complex roots of monic algebraic polynomials of the form $P_n(z) = z^n +\sum_{k=1}^{n}c_kz^{n-k}$ with real independent, identically distributed Gaussian coefficients having zero mean and dispersion $\delta = \frac 1{\sqrt{n\lambda}}$. The average density tends to a simple, {\em universal} function of $\xi={2n}{\log |z|}$ and $\lambda$ in the domain $\xi\coth \frac{\xi}{2}\ll n|\sin \arg (z)|$ where nearly all the roots are located for large $n$.Comment: 17 pages, Revtex. To appear in J. Stat. Phys. Uuencoded gz-compresed tarfile (.66MB) containing 8 Postscript figures is available by e-mail from [email protected]

Mercury toxicity in livers of northern pike (Esox lucius) from Isle Royale, USA

Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 147 (2008): 331-338, doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.12.003.Many laboratory studies have documented that mercury can be toxic to fish, but it is largely unknown if mercury is toxic to fish in their natural environments. The objective of our study was to investigate the toxic effects of mercury on northern pike (Esox lucius) at Isle Royale, Michigan. In 124 northern pike from eight inland lakes, concentrations of total mercury in skin-on fillets ranged from 0.069 to 0.622 µg/g wet wt. Concentrations of total mercury in livers increased exponentially compared with concentrations in fillets, to a maximum of 3.1 µg/g wet wt. Methylmercury constituted a majority of the mercury in livers with total mercury concentrations <0.5 µg/g wet wt, but declined to 28-51% of the mercury in livers with total mercury concentrations >0.5 µg/g wet wt. Liver color (absorbance at 400 nm) varied among northern pike and was positively related to liver total mercury concentration. The pigment causing variation in liver color was identified as lipofuscin, which results from lipid peroxidation of membranous organelles. An analysis of covariance revealed lipofuscin accumulation was primarily associated with mercury exposure, and this association obscured any normal accumulation from aging. We also documented decreased lipid reserves in livers and poor condition factors of northern pike with high liver total mercury concentrations. Our results suggest (i) northern pike at Isle Royale are experiencing toxicity at concentrations of total mercury common for northern pike and other piscivorous fish elsewhere in North America and (ii) liver color may be useful for indicating mercury exposure and effects in northern pike at Isle Royale and possibly other aquatic ecosystems and other fish species.Financial support was provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency STAR Graduate Fellowship Program to P.E.D