Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic, Methanolic, n-Hexan, and Aqueous Extract of Parkia speciosa Peel based on Half -Maximal Inhibitory Concentration Through Free Radical Inhibition

The objectives of this study was to determine the half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) from four types of Parkia speciosa peel extracts (ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, and aqueous)  through DPPH free radical inhibition. First Parkia’s peel extract made by drying the Parkia’s peel that has been sorted, then crushed and mashed with a blender. Parkia’s powder then macerated for 3 replication using each type of solvent and then solvent evaporation was carried out using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The evaporated extract produced then tested for antioxidant activity using the IC50 method and phytochemical screening was performed to analyze the potential content of functional compounds. The results showed that all types of solvents dissolve alkaloid compounds (except water extract), flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenols. IC50 values produced from the four types of petai bark extract using methanol, ethanol, water, and n-hexane solvents sequentially were 76.92; 111; 136; and 201 ppm. Methanol extract had the lowest IC50 value of 76.92 ppm which resulted that the methanol extract of petai skin had a strong (active) antioxidant strength compared to others.Keywords: Antioxidant, Exctract, Parkia’s peel, IC5

Antioxidant Capacity Comparison of Ethanolic Extract of Soursop (Annona muricata Linn.) Leaves and Seeds as Cancer Prevention Candidate

Annona muricata Linn. (soursop) is one of  tropical plants which have relatively complete chemical compounds. It has flavonoid, tannin, phytosterol, alkaloid, etc. The high antioxidant compound in soursop is believed as cancer prevention so the cancer threat in the world can be minimized. The antioxidant compound in soursop can be found not only in its fruit, but also in other parts like leaves, seeds, etc. Based on that potency, this study aimed to compare antioxidant capacity of soursop leaves and seeds, also to study about the utilization of soursop parts which is usually not used. This research began with maceration to extract leaves and seeds with 96% ethanol. Ethanolic extract of soursop leaves and seeds were then tested for antioxidant capacity with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The result showed that antioxidant capacity of soursop leaves and seeds are 85,66875% and 39,0166, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of leaves is higher than seeds due to seed’s extraction difficulty so its antioxidant compound could not be extracted optimally. However, either leaves or seeds extract in this study are potential as antioxidant resources because there are no significant differences between antioxidant capacity of both extract

Deteksi Molekuler Mikroorganisme Patogen pada Bahan Pangan dengan Metode RT-PCR

Penyakit akibat makanan yang terkontaminasi oleh mikroorganismepatogen menjadi salah satu ancaman kesehatan yang perlu diwaspadai.Banyaknya jenis mikroorganisme patogen serta kecilnya jumlah sel yangmengontaminasi bahan pangan menjadikan deteksi mikroorganisme patogendalam bahan pangan menjadi suatu tantangan tersendiri. Deteksi secarakonvensional melalui kultur mikroorganisme dalam media tertentu dianggapkurang efektif karena memerlukan waktu yang relatif lama serta potensikontaminasinya yang cukup besar. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan metode deteksimikroorganisme patogen pada bahan pangan yang lebih cepat, efektif, spesifik,dan sensitif untuk mencegah wabah penyakit akibat kontaminasi bahan pangan.Deteksi molekuler banyak dikembangkan karena menyajikan hasil pengujianyang lebih spesifik dan sensitif berdasarkan penanda molekuler tertentu. Salahsatu yang paling banyak dikembangkan adalah Real Time-Polymerase ChainReaction (RT-PCR) yang dapat mendeteksi materi genetik mikroorganismepengontaminasi makanan dengan menggunakan primer dan probe (penanda)yang spesifik. Deteksi dengan RT-PCR memberikan hasil yang lebih spesifik dansensitif untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit akibat bahan pangan yangterkontaminasi mikroorganisme patogen.Kata kunci: mikroorganisme, RT-PCR, patogen, primer, prob

TERAPI GEN: DARI BIOTEKNOLOGI UNTUK KESEHATAN

Abstrak Rekayasa genetika dilakukannya untuk manipulasi gen-gen tertentu sehingga ekspresi gen dapat dikontrol dan produknya dapat dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan tertentu, salah satunya untuk pengobatan penyakit dengan terapi gen. Terapi ini melibatkan transfer asam nukleat berupa DNA ke sel embrionik maupun somatik pasien sehingga gen tersebut memiliki efek pengobatan terhadap penyakit pasien. Gen fungsional yang ditransfer berperan menggantikan fungsi gen abnormal yang menyebabkan penyakit tertentu. Terapi gen dapat dilakukan pada sel embrional (germ line gene therapy) maupun sel somatik (somatic cells gene therapy) pada pasien secara in vivo maupun ex vivo. Penyisipan gen pada terapi ini menggunakan vektor virus maupun non virus. Keberhasilan terapi gen salah satunya tergantung pada efektifitas transfer gen yang dilakukan dan ekspresi gen fungsional. Gen fungsional yang telah tertransfer selanjutnya harus diekspresikan dengan baik sehingga terapi dapat berhasil. Kanker merupakan salah satu penyakit yang memungkinkan dilakukannya terapi gen, terkait dengan adanya abnormalitas gen penyebab proliferasi sel yang tidak terkontrol. Abstract Genetic engineering has the ability to manipulate specific genes so its expression can be controlled. The control of gene expression can be used as a gene functional for appropriate purposes, such as diseases cure with gene therapy. This therapy involves DNA as nucleic acid which is transfer to embryonic or somatic cells of patients with certain diseases. The purpose of the gene therapy is to switch an abnormal gene to be a functional gene which has a cure effect for the disease. The functional gene has to substitute the abnormal gene leads to certain disease, either germ line gene therapy or somatic cells therapy. The gene therapy needs a vector to carry the functional gene to targeted cells, in vivo or ex vivo. The vector can be used viral or non viral vectors. The possibilities of achievement of its therapy depend on gene transfer effectiveness and also functional gene expression. The cancer is the one of diseases which can be treated with the gene therapy due to its uncontrolled gene of cell proliferation

Blood Profile of Wistar Rats due to Subcronic Condition Caused by Sodium Nitrite

Abstract Nowadays, chemicals used as food additives are increasing. One of the chemicals commonly used is sodium nitrite (NaNO2 ). Sodium nitrite is found in sausage and another meat product. Sodium nitrite is used as  food preservative agent. But, the presence of NaNO2 can influence blood cells ability to carry oxygen. It causes  anemia and forms nitrosamines, carcinogenic agents. This research is purposed to know blood profiles of Wistar rats on subchronic condition caused by NaNO2 . The research was done for 3 months as subchronic time. Twenty  seven Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups, control group (K), first group (P1) treated by NaNO2 with dose of  11,25 mg/kg bodyweight/day, and second group (P2) treated by NaNO2 with dose of 22,50 mg/kg  bodyweight/day. Blood samples were collected from orbital sinus and tested once a week for hematological parameters, including white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), lymphocyte level, and neutrophil level. The data were analyzed with ANOVA using SPSS 16 program for Windows and the blood profiles alteration were seen. The results from this study showed there were no significant differences among the blood profiles of Wistar rats treated by NaNO2 with dose of 11,25 mg/kg 2 bodyweight/day and dose of 22,50 mg/kg bodyweight/day compared to that of the control group, except WBC values at subchronic condition at dose of 22,50 mg/kg bodyweight/day which decreased 23,46%. The NaNO 2 could not influence the blood profiles of rats treated by NaNO2 subchronically.

Efek Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Petai (Parkia speciosa) Terhadap Fungsi Hepar Rattus norvegicus yang Terpapar Minyak Goreng Bekas

The use of cooking oil repeatedly is one of liver damage trigger which usually be marked byenhancement of SGPT and SGOT level. The objective of this study is to know the eff ect of P. speciosa peelethanolic extract in used cooking oil exposed Wistar rats (R. norvegicus). The indicator are SGPT and SGOTconcentration. Parkia speciosa peel was extracted then use to antioxidant source. Rattus norvegicus was divided into 4 group. Group 1 with no treatment, group 2 with 1 ml used cooking oil 118 mek/kg and 100 mg/l extract, group 3 with 1 ml used cooking oil 118 mek/kg and 200 mg/l extract, and group 4 as positive control with 1 ml used cooking oil 118 mek/kg. Each group serum sample was analyzed for SGPT and SGOT. The result showed that 200 mg extract treatment is signifi cantly bring lower SGPT and SGOT concentration compared to positive control. The higher dose of ethanolic extract of P. speciosa peel is highly prevent liver damage which indicated by the lower SGPT and SGOT concentration in serum. The ethanolic extract of P. speciosa peel has potential to ward off free radicals which caused by used cooking oil exposed. That fact was be marked by SGPT and SGOT decreasing persentage.Penggunaan minyak goreng secara berulang merupakan salah satu pemicu terjadinya kerusakan heparyang seringkali ditandai dengan meningkatnya kadar SGPT dan SGOT dalam darah. Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk mengetahui efek pemberian ekstrak etanol kulit petai (P. speciosa) pada R. norvegicus yang terpaparminyak goreng bekas dengan indikator kadar SGPT dan SGOT. Penelitian dimulai dengan ekstraksi kulit petaiuntuk kemudian digunakan sebagai sumber antioksidan dalam melawan paparan radikal bebas akibat minyak jelantah secara in vivo. Rattus norvegicus dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok. Kelompok I kontrol negatif, Kelompok II dengan 1 ml minyak jelantah 118 mek/kg dan ekstrak etanol kulit petai dosis 100 mg/l, Kelompok III dengan 1 ml minyak jelantah 118 mek/kg dan ekstrak etanol kulit petai dosis 200 mg/l, serta Kelompok IV sebagai kontrol positif yang diberi 1 ml minyak jelantah 118 mek/kg. Pemberian ekstrak etanol kulit petai dengan dosis 200 mg/kgBB mampu mencegah kerusakan hepar yang ditandai dengan kadar SGPT dan SGOT serum yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif. Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak etanol kulit petai memiliki potensi sebagai antioksidan dalam menangkal radikal bebas akibat paparan minyak goreng bekas

Activity of Moringa oleifera seed ethanolic extract against E. coli

Bacterial contamination in our environment is worrying, mainly contamination at drinking waters, vegetables, foods, soil which close to our daily activity. The main contamination in environment is caused by E. coli which simply found easily surround us. So, it leads to bigger problem if not immediately solve. One of possible yet safe compounds to overcome this problem is the use of natural product such as M. oleifera seeds as antibacterial agents. This study want to find out the ability of M. oleifera seed ethanolic extract as antibacterial agent against E. coli. Ethanolic extract of M. oleifera seeds are concentrated into 25%, 50%, and 75%, then treated to E. coli culture under laboratory condition. The inhibitory zone diameter which formed after 24 hours incubation was measured and compared to control with no extract treatment. The result of this study showed that there is inhibitory zone formed in three groups of treatmen (T1-T3), but there is no inhibitory zone formed at control group. The 75% ethanolic extract of M. oleifera seeds (T3) has the wides inhibitory zone diameter among four groups, followed by the 50% extract (T2) and 25% extract (T1) with diameter 15,03 ± 0,55 mm; 11,00 ± 1,32 mm; 7,03 ± 0,90 mm, respectively. All inhibitory zone diameter among groups in this research statistically different with strong inhibitory status at T2 as well as T3, and moderate inhibitory status at T1

Pemberdayaan Wanita Tani Kabupaten Kudus dalam Pembuatan Saus Cabai (Capsicum anuum)

Produksi cabai (Capsicum anuum) di Kabupaten Kudus yang cukup melimpah belum banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat. Buah cabai dapat diolah menjadi produk saus sehingga meningkatkan nilai ekonominya. Pengolahan cabai menjadi saus cabai dapat meningkatkan nilai jual sekaligus menghindari pembusukan berlebih ketika musim panen. Pengolahan cabai ini juga dapat menjadi alternatif pemberdayaan wanita tani di Kabupaten Kudus sehingga keterampilan dan produktivitasnya meningkat. Program ini bertujuan untuk memberdayakan wanita tani di Kabupaten Kudus dalam pembuatan saus cabai demi meningkatkan produktivitas dan kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat. Pelaksanaan program dibagi menjadi tiga tahapan yaitu penyuluhan dan sosialisasi, pelatihan, serta monitoring dan evaluasi. Peserta pelatihan adalah ibu-ibu wanita tani Kabupaten Kudus yang cenderung tidak produktif. Antusiasme peserta pelatihan terlihat dari keterlibatan dan partisipasi mereka dalam setiap tahapan program. Peningkatan keterampilan pembuatan saus cabai melalui pemberdayaan wanita tani Kabupaten Kudus ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas dan tingkat ekonomi masyarakat yang selama ini bergantung pada sektor pertanian.Kata kunci: pemberdayaan, saus cabai, wanita tani.AbstractThe high production of chilli (Capsicum anuum) in Kudus is not utilized yet. Chilli can be processed to other products such as chilli ketchup so its economical value is increasing. Chilli processing to ketchup is improve its price and also inhibit putrefaction when in harvest time. Its chilli processing can also empower peasant women in Kudus so it would increase their skill and productivity. The aim of this program is to empower peasant women in Kudus to process chilli ketchup. The program is devide into three steps: counseling and socialization, training, also monitoring and evaluation. The participants are peasant women in Kudus whose productivity is not so high.The participants antusiasm showed in their involvements and partisipations in each steps. Productivity of society are expected to improve by empower Kudus peasant women to produce chilli ketchup. So, the economy level is also been increased by its empowering program

Fraksinasi Ekstrak Metanol Buah Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume) dengan Pelarut Metanol, Etil Asetat, dan N-Heksana

Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa Blume) is an endemic fruit around Mount Muria, Kudus, Central Java. The native people utilize Parijoto as traditional herbal medicine. Those utilization due to its metabolite compounds, such as tannin, flavonoid, fenolic, terpenoid, etc. In order to utilize Parijoto fruit properly, it is necessary to have an appropriate extraction and fractination method. So, the bioactive compounds of Parijoto fruit can be optimally extracted. The objective of this study is to obtain fractions of Parijoto fruit using three different solvent, methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. This study perform maceration as extraction method and liquid-liquid fractination to obtain the fractions. The dry simplicia yield was 85.49%. The maceration result was in the form of a blackish red green liquid with 67.45% yield. The methanol fraction was a thick blackish red liquid with 45.4% yield. While, the ethyl acetate fraction was a slightly fibrous viscous liquid with pinkish milk brown colour and 22.8% yield. On the other hand, the n-hexane fraction was a greenish viscous liquid with 13.8% yield. The highest yield is the result of fractination with methanol as a solvent because it is the most polar among others in this study. The solvent polarity is greatly affects the yield of fractination from natural product materials. In this study, the order of Parijoto yield from the highest to the lowest is methanol fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and the last is n-hexane fraction. Those results were obtained due to the differences of each solvent polarity

PENGARUH VARIASI MASSA RAGI SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE DAN LAMA FERMENTASI TERHADAP DENSITAS DAN RENDEMEN BIOETANOL ALANG-ALANG (Imperata Cy-lindrica)

Ketersediaan energi fosil dalam penggunaan bahan bakar semakin menipis dan tingkat residu yang dihasilkan semakin menigkat, sehingga diperlukan sumber energi alternatif untuk menunjang kebutuhan energi salah satunya bioetanol. Alang- alang (Imperata cylindrica) memiliki kandungan selulosa sebanyak 40,22% dapat digunakan sebagai bahan dasar bioetanol dengan bantuan Saccharomyces cerevisiae pengubah glukosa menjadi etanol. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis karakteristik bioetanol berdasarkan densitas dan persen rendemen bioetanol dengan variasi massa ragi roti Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan waktu fermentasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan. Jumlah takaran larutan untuk setiap perlakuan adalah 100 ml. Nilai densitas tertinggi pada perlakuan 4 massa   roti Saccharomyces cerevisiae 15 gram dengan lama fermentasi 6 hari sebesar 0.9041 g/ml, nilai densitas terendah pada perlakuan 1 massa ragi roti Saccharomyces cerevisiae 10 gram dan lama fermentasi 3 hari sebesar 0,9340 g/ml. Persen rendemen tertinggi diperoleh dari perlakuan 4 massa ragi roti Saccharomyces cerevisiae 15 gram dan lama fermentasi 6 hari sebanyak 23,11% dan persen rendemen terendah pada perlakuan 1 dengan massa ragi roti Saccharomyces cerevisiae 10 gram dan lama fermentasi 3 hari sebesar 17,90%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada pengaruh variasi konsentrasi  Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan lama fermentasi terhadap nilai densitas dan persen rendemen