Evaluation and Antibacterial Activity Test of Peel-off Mask Preparation from Combination of Pegagan Leaves (Centella asiatica (L) Urb.) and Charcoal Powder

Pegagan leaf (Centella asiatica (L) Urb.) is a plant that contains flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and saponins that function as antibacterials. Pegagan leaf is combined with activated charcoal powder, which has the job of absorbing facial oil, so that it is formulated in the form of a peel off mask to produce a synergistic effect. This study aims to formulate, evaluate, and test the antibacterial effectiveness of the peel-off mask preparation of pegagan leaf extract at concentrations of 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. This study uses an experimental method by testing the parameters of the physical evaluation requirements and testing antibacterial activity with the disc method on the peel off mask preparation. The results were evaluated for 28 days, and the results of the organoleptic test were stable, homogeneity stable, pH (5.6–6.2), dry time (16–25 minutes), dispersion (6.1-6.4 cm), and irritation (2 respondents). The effectiveness test against the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes has inhibitory power of 12.3 mm in the strong category. So, it can be concluded that the peel off mask produced has stable physical characteristics and can be used as an antibacterial mask

Analysis of Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in Pontianak City by Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

In Indonesia, eggplant is a favored vegetable with substantial production. The main objective of this study is to investigate the level of safety of eggplants marketed in traditional wholesale markets in Pontianak City against possible contamination of the heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), which are commonly discovered in water waste, vehicle exhaust, and excessive pesticide and fertilizer use. Alizarin Red S for Cd metal and Dithizon for Pb metal were used in qualitative assays. Cd and Pb levels were measures using an Atomic Absorption Spechtrophotometer (AAS) instrument. The analytical method has been verified for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. The qualitative test results showed that all samples had positive results for Cd and Pb. The quantitative test results revealed that the Cd and Pb metal contents in the FB (Flamboyan) sample were 0.056 mg/kg and 3.5066 mg/kg, consequently, while they were 0.0986 mg/kg and 3.957 mg/kg, consequently, in the PR (Puring) sample. In keeping with BPOM standard No. 5 of 2018, Cd metal levels in FB samples are at a safe threshold, while Cd metal levels in PR samples and Pb metal levels in FB and PR samples exceed the maximum thresholds that have been set

Bioactivity of Vernonia arborea Leaves from Bentian Tribe as Natural Antioxidant and Antibacterial Based on Local Knowledge

The utilization of natural organic materials as raw materials for standardized medicine, including the use of organic materials in medicine manufacture are currently being encouraged by the Government. Based on the information from Bentian Tribe people, Vernonia arborea leaf or Kutu Bu’ut leaf has the potential to be developed as natural medicine derived from plants. This study explored the potential of V.arborea leaf for its phytochemicals screening by Harborne, Kokate and Senthilmurugan method, antioxidant analysis was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial analysis was examined using agar well diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Propionibacterium acnes. The results showed that the V.arborea leaf contained alkaloid on n-hexan extract and coumarin on ethyl acetate extract. Ethanol extract from V.arborea leaf contained alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and carbohydrate. Antioxidant activity showed that the highest inhibition by 83% at 50 ppm consentration of ethanol solvent. Antibacterial activity of E. coli and P.acnes showed that the highest inhibition zone by 12 mm and 11 mm at 400 µg/well of ethanol extract. Based on the results, the V.arborea leaf contains natural bioactivity and has potential to be further developed as a natural traditional medicine

The Therapeutic Potential of Cola nitida in Health and Disease: A Review

Cola nitida, also known as Kola nut, is a tropical plant native to West Africa and has a rich history of traditional medicinal use. In this narrative review, we aim to provide an overview of the protective effects of Cola nitida in various health and disease states. Cola nitida has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties, and its bioactive compounds include caffeine, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolics. These compounds contribute to its potential therapeutic effects. Here, we examine the potential benefits of Cola nitida in several areas of health, discussing its role in cognitive function, cardiovascular health, immune system function, gastrointestinal health, and metabolic and endocrine health. Relevant original articles available from PubMed, African Journals Online (AJOL), SCOPUS, and Google Scholar were retrieved using the keywords “cola” AND “nitida” without date restriction until July 17, 2023. Evidence suggests that Cola nitida may have positive effects on health, with indications of adverse effects only from its chronic usage. However, more research is needed to establish its efficacy and safety. Cola nitida holds promise as a natural remedy for various health conditions. Understanding the benefits and limitations of Cola nitida will contribute to its effective utilization in health and disease management

Potency of Biocoagulant from Cationic Modified Starch of Balbis Banana Blossom Waste for Palm Oil Wastewater Treatment: Literature Study

Lampung is one of the provinces producing Indonesia's second-largest banana crop. Operational activities at the Palm Oil Mill produce a by-product of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), which can potentially be the most enormous environmental pollution. Communities often use chemicals to treat liquid waste, which causes health problems, cannot be decomposed, and can damage the environment. Therefore, treating liquid waste using organic materials that are more environmentally friendly, safe for health and easily degraded is necessary. By modifying cationic starch, natural polymers found in banana blossom waste may be utilized for producing natural biocoagulant that are more effective. This paper aims to review the potential of cationic-modified balbis banana blossom waste starch as a natural biocoagulant for processing palm oil waste. Starch was first modified into cationic starch by etherification method with the help of HMMAHC cationic reagents. The mechanism of cationic starch as a biocoagulant is the exchange of starch cation ions and waste anions to form bridges between colloidal particles and then form flocs that can precipitate. The implementation technique of this idea is by collaborating with several parties to ensure the successful use of banana hump starch as a biocoagulant material, providing support and facilities for the industry and promoting the use of biocoagulant, conducting literature studies related to the use of banana hump starch as a natural biocoagulant, testing the effectiveness of biocoagulant, implemented in the palm oil processing industry

Isolation of Novel 6-methylideneoxecane-3,4,5,7,8,9-hexol from the Leaves of Rauwolfia vomitoria, Apocynaceae

Rauwolfia vomitoria (Wennberg) belongs to the family Apocynaceae, the dried leaves were extracted successively using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and 70% methanol, concentrated in vacuo. Extracts were subjected to antibacterial assay and the butanol fraction was subjected to chromatographic purification to obtain NBF12 which was subjected to spectral analysis. The antibacterial of n-Hexane, dichloromethane, and 70% methanol extracts was inactive against the screened organisms assessed (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). NBF12 is yellowish crystals (10.5 mg), Rf (0.69), UV, max Abs (248) The carbon 13C-NMR spectrum displayed ten carbon atoms; one methylene, two methylene oxide carbon, 6-carbinolic carbon (Sp3) and a quaternary carbon (SP2). The spectrum showed a tertiary carbon at δ131.09 ppm, due to C-6 and at δ 114.74 ppm due to exocyclic methylidene carbon (Sp2) (C=CH2) linked to the C-6position. Based on the spectral data NBF12 is 6-methylideneoxecane-3,4,5,7,8,9-hexol with a molecular formula C10H18O7, molecular weight 250 g/mol

Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in South Sumatera, Indonesia

South Sumatra, a province in Indonesia, is inhabited by several tribes. The geographical landscape surrounded by primary and secondary forests is a natural resource for the local communities in dealing with medical problems. They use plants as traditional medicine from generation to generation. The used parts include roots, stems, leaves, and sap that are biologically active to treat some diseases from moderate to deadly diseases. Based on literature studies, there are 250 plant species from 79 families processed by local communities in South Sumatra in some ethnobotanical activities. The dominant plant families are Fabaceae (5.6%), Asteraceae (4.8%), Euphorbiaceae (4.4%), Poaceae (4.4%), Myrtaceae (3.6%), Rubiaceae (3.6%), Rutaceae (3.6%), Solanaceae (3.6%), and Piperaceae (3.2%). Among many methods, boiling is the most common method in processing medicinal plants as it is considered more effective in extracting the bioactive compounds

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Sesquiterpenes-Rich Essential Oil of Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn) J.J. De Wilde of Root Bark

Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn) J.J. De Wilde (Meliaceae) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of ulcers, cough and inflammatory disorders such as arthritis. In this present study, the essential oil of T. monadelpha root bark was obtained by hydrodistillation using an all-glass Clevenger apparatus. The identification and characterisation were done using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. We also, aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against ten micro-organisms using the Agar diffusion method and the free radical scavenging capacity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) methods. Twenty (20) different compounds made up the hydrodistilled essential oil, which made up 99.0% of the entire oil content.  Sesquiterpene compounds made up about 73.3% of the essential oil from the root bark of T. monadelpha, which was described as sesquiterpenes-rich. Sesquiterpenes' most abundant constituents include (E)-Longipinene (18%), 10s,11s-Himachala-3-(12),4-diene (15.26%), Aromadendrene (11.12%), Alloaromadendrene oxide-(1) (8.82%), and β-Caryophyllene (5.92%). The essential oil inhibited growth against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aerugunosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Klebsiella Pneumonia and Salmonella typhi at concentrations of 200 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL with an inhibitory zone of 20 – 10 mm while the antioxidant analysis of the essential oil revealed low scavenging activity which reveals that the synthetic antioxidants were more effective with an Ascorbic acid; IC50 value of 1.47 mgmL-1, Butyl hydroxyanisole; 1.88 mgmL-1, α-Tocopherol; 4.83 mgmL-1 followed by the essential oil with an IC50 value of 9.95 mgmL-1. T. monadelpha root bark essential oil contains notable chemical compounds that are responsible for its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Identification and Toxicity Profiling of Column Fractions of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Ziziphus mauritiana

Different plants may contain varying amounts of phytochemicals and also different degrees of toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals present in the most active column fraction of ethanol leaf extract of the Ziziphus mauritiana plant and their toxic effects using brine shrimp lethality assay and animal model. Crude ethanol extract was obtained by maceration while fraction was achieved using a column chromatography experiment. Toxicity was evaluated with brine shrimp lethality assay and albino rat’s models while characterization was achieved with liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. Ziziphus mauritiana leaves revealed 42 fractions pooled into seven fractions. Fraction three (3) was the most toxic with the brine shrimp lethality assay of (31.48ug/ml) and its toxicological evaluation revealed an adverse effect on the hematological parameter, biochemical indices, and histo-architecture of the liver and kidney of the experimental model studied. LCMS analysis of the most toxic fraction revealed the presence of Antirrhinoside, Lucidumol A, Apigenin 7-glucuronide-4'-(6''-malonylglucoside), Dioscoreside C, Camellioside D, and others which have been reported for various pharmacological effects including adverse effects, The mode of toxicity may be synergistic, individual, or antagonistic which may explain the moderate toxicity observed in animal model. Administration of these fractions may lead to toxicity despite their potential

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing of Eco-Soap Based on Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Surfactant

Pineapple is a fruit that is often used only for its flesh, while the skin remains waste. As a form of dealing with pineapple waste, one way is to use it as an eco-enzyme. Making soap with added eco-enzyme can be used as an alternative for washing dishes. Therefore, this research aims to determine the formulation and test the antibacterial activity of eco-soap based on the surfactant Sodium Lauryl Sulphate. This research is experimental research, which was carried out in July-October 2023. The research results showed that the pH of eco-Soap was 3.46; foam height 1.5 cm; viscosity testing 14.9 mPas; fatty acids 1.44%; and 6 mm antibacterial activity testing. Based on the research results, it was concluded that the surfactant-based eco-soap formulation had good stability in the eco-soap foam height test. The diameter of the zone of inhibition of eco-soap's antibacterial activity showed that bacterial inhibition was moderate