Utilization of Filter Paper as an Innovative Transport Medium for Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae Bacteria: A Review of Effectiveness.

The World Health Organization (WHO) released the Guidance on Regulations for the Transport of Infectious Substances 2023–2024 to minimize the risk of disease transmission caused by mishandling or leakage of infectious materials during transport. This initiative is reinforced by the Indonesian Directorate General of Civil Aviation, which restricts the amount of liquid material allowed on both domestic and international flights. In line with these policies, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of filter paper as an alternative transport medium for Gram-negative bacteria, Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae, based on different storage durations at 37°C in the URB-Balitbangkes Laboratory in RSUP West Nusa Tenggara. The research employed an experimental laboratory design, using six samples with three repetitions, which resulted in 18 culture cups for each bacterium. Biochemical and Gram-staining tests confirmed positive results for both S. typhi and S. dysenteriae on the filter paper transport media. Bacterial growth remained consistent (+3) across all storage periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days. The findings demonstrate that filter paper can function effectively as a dry preservation medium, offering a practical and safe method for transporting infectious bacterial cultures over time

The Impact of Overcrowding on the Histopathology of Catfish Organs in Aquaculture Systems

Overcrowding is a major environmental stressor in confined-container fish farming systems. This condition can degrade water quality and trigger stress responses that damage the fish's internal organs. This study aimed to analyze the effect of stocking density on histopathological changes in the gills, liver, spleen, and kidney of catfish (Clarias sp.). Fish were reared for 30 days at four different stocking densities: 10, 20, 30, and 40 individuals per bucket (50 L). Histopathological examination used Hematoxylin–Eosin staining. The results showed that increasing stocking density correlated strongly with lesion severity. The gills exhibited epithelial hyperplasia and lamella fusion, kidneys exhibited hydropic degeneration, and the spleen showed increased melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) and white pulp depletion. These findings confirm that overcrowding causes significant damage to catfish's vital organs, thus high stocking densities are not recommended for confined-container fish farming systems

Preparasi dan Karakterisasi Material Pengisi Nanokomposit Antibakteri dari Limbah Daun Nanas untuk Aplikasi Medis

Infeksi bakteri merupakan salah satu permasalahan utama dalam penggunaan material medis seperti wound dressing, implan, dan biomaterial lainnya. Oleh karena itu, material dengan kemampuan antibakteri menjadi sangat penting untuk mencegah pertumbuhan mikroorganisme patogen yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada jaringan tubuh. Serat selulosa berbasis biomassa dapat berfungsi sebagai matriks atau bahan pengisi yang mendukung penambahan agen antibakteri, sehingga menghasilkan material yang tidak hanya memiliki sifat mekanik yang baik tetapi juga memiliki aktivitas biologis yang bermanfaat. Pemanfaatan nanofiber dari limbah daun nanas sebagai bahan pengisi nanokomposit antibakteri merupakan salah satu strategi yang menjanjikan dalam pengembangan biomaterial medis yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan preparasi dan karakterisasi nanofiber dari limbah daun nanas sebagai material pengisi nanokomposit yang berpotensi digunakan untuk aplikasi medis. Penelitian ini menggunakan true experimental design. Proses preparasi dilakukan melalui tahapan degumming menggunakan larutan NaOH 5% untuk menghilangkan komponen non-selulosa seperti lignin, hemiselulosa, pektin, dan pengotor lainnya, yang dilanjutkan dengan proses bleaching menggunakan H₂O₂ untuk meningkatkan kemurnian selulosa. Karakterisasi material dilakukan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) untuk menganalisis perubahan gugus fungsi kimia, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) untuk mengamati morfologi permukaan serat, serta uji mekanik (uji tarik) untuk mengevaluasi sifat mekanik serat. Hasil analisis FTIR menunjukkan penurunan intensitas peregangan gugus karbonil pada rentang 1730–1750 cm⁻¹ yang mengindikasikan berkurangnya komponen hemiselulosa dan pengotor pada serat. Hasil pengamatan SEM menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan kimia mampu mengurangi sebagian besar lapisan lignin, lilin, dan pektin pada permukaan serat sehingga menghasilkan struktur nanofiber dengan luas permukaan yang lebih tinggi. Uji mekanik menunjukkan bahwa serat daun nanas memiliki potensi sebagai bahan penguat alami dalam material komposit meskipun terjadi penurunan kekuatan tarik setelah perlakuan kimia. Secara keseluruhan, nanofiber dari limbah daun nanas memiliki karakteristik yang baik dan berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai material pengisi nanokomposit antibakteri yang ramah lingkungan untuk berbagai aplikasi medis

Perbandingan Perilaku Harian Sapi Potong pada Alas Kandang yang Berbeda

Using appropriate bedding can enhance the welfare of beef cattle. This study was designed to evaluate the daily behavior of beef cattle kept on different types of bedding. Field research was conducted over a period of two months, using eight beef cattle, which were divided into two groups based on the type of bedding used, namely straw and rubber mats. The daily behaviors observed were the duration and frequency of eating, aggressive behavior, lying down, sleeping, standing, and elimination. The observation used was an intermittent method. The first group consisted of a pen block with straw bedding, and the second group consisted of a pen block with carpet bedding. Data analysis used the t-test and analysis of variance at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that all parameters did not reveal any differences; however, sleeping behavior was higher (P < 0.05) in the straw-bedded pens, with the highest percentage of sleep occurring in the afternoon. This study concluded that both straw and rubber carpet bedding are still capable of supporting the normal expression of the main daily behaviors of cows. Both types of bedding are still suitable for use in beef cattle husbandry systems

Karakterisasi Kultur Virus African Swine Fever Sampel Lapang Indonesia Menggunakan Kultur Sel Primer Leukosit Babi

African Swine Fever (ASF) merupakan penyakit viral yang sangat menular dan mematikan pada babi, yang disebabkan oleh virus African Swine Fever (ASF). Sejak tahun 2018, penyakit ini telah menyebar dan menyebabkan konsekuensi sosial ekonomi yang besar terhadap industri babi di beberapa negara Asia, termasuk China, Vietnam, dan Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan isolasi virus ASF dari sampel lapang menggunakan kultur sel primer leukosit babi, identifikasi karakteristik hasil propagasi virus ASF secara in vitro dan respon sel leukosit terhadap inokulasi virus ASF. Sel leukosit dikoleksi dari darah babi donor yang sehat dan dikultur dalam medium plasma homolog. Propagasi dilakukan dengan menginokulasikan sampel lapang dengan kode Indonesia/2022/Pig/PSJ ke kultur sel primer leukosit babi yang konfluen (70-80%). Pengamatan morfologi sel dilakukan dengan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya setiap 24, 48, 72, 96,120, 144, and 164 jam pasca inokulasi (jpi). Sampel lapang dari kultur sel primer leukosit babi dipurifikasi dengan menggunakan metode Percoll. Pelet virus di deteksi virus ASF dengan menggunakan uji qPCR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perubahan morfologis pada sel primer leukosit yang terinfeksi, dengan adanya reaksi hemadsorpsi (HAD) yang teramati pada 48 jpi, dibandingkan dengan sel kontrol yang tidak terinfeksi. Pengikatan eritrosit babi ke permukaan sel yang terinfeksi virus ASF, membentuk rosette-like structure. Reaksi hemadsorpsi (HAD) dapat diamati setelah 2 kali blind passage. Purifikasi virus ASF menggunakan Percoll dapat meningkatkan kemurnian virus yang ditandai dengan nilai Ct yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan supernatant hasil kultur sel primer leukosit babi

Protective Effects of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Ethanolic Extract on Tracheal Histopathology in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Wistar Rats

Cigarette smoke generates free radicals that can cause various respiratory disorders. Red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) is a plant rich in antioxidants, which may help neutralize free radicals produced by cigarette smoke exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of red spinach ethanol extract on the trachea of Wistar rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: K (distilled water), KN (cigarette smoke exposure), P1 (cigarette smoke exposure with 200 mg/kg BW extract), and P2 (cigarette smoke exposure with 400 mg/kg BW extract). Treatments were administered daily for 21 consecutive days. On day 22, the rats were euthanized, and their tracheas were collected for histological analysis. The tracheal tissues were processed using the paraffin embedding method and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The evaluated parameters included epithelial cell height, tracheal lumen diameter, and goblet cell number. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results demonstrated that exposure to cigarette smoke (KN group) significantly disrupted the tracheal histological structure (p < 0.05). However, administration of 400 mg/kg BW red spinach ethanol extract (P2 group) exhibited a protective effect by preserving epithelial cell height, lumen diameter, and goblet cell number comparable to those of the control group (K). In conclusion, red spinach ethanol extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW effectively protects the tracheal structure of Wistar rats against cigarette smoke-induced damage by maintaining epithelial cell height, lumen diameter, and goblet cell number at near-normal levels

Seroprevalensi Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza pada Sistem Peternakan Itik Mengembara di Kabupaten Purbalingga

Avian Influenza merupakan penyakit zoonosis pada unggas yang disebabkan oleh virus Orthomyxoviridae. Infeksi HPAI pada itik biasanya tidak menimbulkan gejala klinis. Sistem pemeliharaan itik mengembara berpotensi dalam menyebarkan virus HPAI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung seroprevalensi dan mengidentifikasi faktor risiko kejadian HPAI pada peternakan itik mengembara di Kabupaten Purbalingga, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Dua puluh delapan (28) peternakan dipilih sebagai sampel secara purposive dalam penelitian ini dan lima itik setiap peternakan diambil secara acak sederhana untuk mengumpulkan sampel. Diagnosis serologis dilakukan dengan uji HI. Pengujian serum dilakukan di Balai Besar Veteriner (BBVet) Wates. Faktor risiko terhadap penyakit HPAI diperoleh dengan melakukan pengamatan kandang, ternak, dan wawancara langsung dengan pemilik ternak. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan pengukuran faktor risiko dihitung menggunakan Chi-Square (X2) dan Odds Ratio (OR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seroprevalensi HPAI pada peternakan itik mengembara di Kabupaten Purbalingga sebesar 50%. Status vaksinasi dan tindakan membersihkan alat angkut merupakan faktor risiko yang berasosiasi terhadap kejadian HPAI pada sistem peternakan itik mengembara. 

Biosecurity Levels Related to Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Live Bird Markets in Bogor

Live bird markets serve as aggregation points for various types of poultry originating from different geographic areas. That condition makes live bird market as a potential hotspot for disease transmission. High levels of human and live poultry movement, low awareness of hygiene and sanitation, and inadequate implementation of biosecurity practices can substantially increase the risk of disease transmission in live bird market. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation level of biosecurity among traders in live bird markets in Bogor City and Bogor Regency. A total of 15 traders were selected and assessed using a checklist adapted from Biosecurity Guide for Live Poultry Markets published by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The assessment focused on three main components of biosecurity: movement control, isolation, and sanitation. Biosecurity levels were categorized as good, moderate, and poor level based on result from assessment. The result showed that biosecurity level among traders in live bird markets was moderate (100%). However, a relatively high degree of non-compliant was still observed across all biosecurity components. Therefore, improvements in biosecurity implementation are necessary, both through enhancing traders’ knowledge and awareness, improving market management by market authorities, and establishing clear and enforceable regulations by government

Escherichia coli O157:H7 Contamination Level in Dairy Farms in Yogyakarta Special Region

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogenic microorganism that can cause serious infections in humans. Transmission from animals to humans due to contamination of animal products, especially milk, has been reported. The aim of this study was to calculate the level of Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination and analyze the risk factors on dairy farms in Yogyakarta Special Region. The study involved 106 farms with milk samples from 460 dairy cows, 106 soil samples, 106 stable floor swab samples and 106 milker’s hand swab samples. Isolation and identification using MacConkey media and Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate (IMVic) media. Identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with Sorbitol MacConkey media and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with Stx1, Stx2 gene targets. Risk factor data were collected through observation and interviews with farmers and analyzed by descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression using SPSS. The results showed 72 out of 106 farms were positive for Escherichia coli (67.92%) with 94 milk samples, 17 soil, 11 cage floor swabs, 15 milkers' hand swabs. Five out of ninety-four milk-derived Escherichia coli isolates were identified as Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and spread across five farms (4.7%). Logistic regression results showed that the risk factors for Escherichia coli contamination in dairy farms in Yogyakarta Special Region are presence of other livestock species, cage conditions, cage disinfection, waste management and presence of streams

Kualitas Semen Cair Domba dalam Pengencer Komersial Berbasis Tris Kuning Telur dengan Penambahan Glutation

Penyimpanan semen cair berpotensi meningkatkan pembentukan radikal bebas dan stres oksidatif, yang menyebabkan kerusakan membran plasma spermatozoa dan penurunan kualitas semen. Glutation merupakan antioksidan yang mampu menetralkan radikal bebas dan mengurangi kerusakan oksidatif, sehingga berpotensi menjaga kualitas spermatozoa selama penyimpanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan glutation terhadap kualitas semen cair domba dalam pengencer komersial berbasis tris kuning telur. Semen segar dengan motilitas ≥70% diencerkan dengan penambahan glutation pada konsentrasi 0 mM (GSH-0), 2 mM (GSH-2), dan 4 mM (GSH-4), kemudian disimpan pada suhu 4  selama enam hari. Evaluasi dilakukan setiap 24 jam terhadap motilitas, viabilitas, keutuhan membran plasma (MPU), dan abnormalitas spermatozoa. Hasil hari keenam menunjukkan bahwa GSH-4 memberikan hasil terbaik, dengan motilitas 64,00 ± 2,24%, viabilitas 84,95 ± 1,12%, MPU 85,93 ± 0,46%, dan abnormalitas 9,47 ± 0,66%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan glutation 4 mM efektif dalam mempertahankan kualitas semen cair domba selama pada suhu