PRODUKSI FLAVAN-3-OL MELALUI KALUS CAMELLIA sinensis L : UNTUK PENGHAMBATAN DIFERENSIASI SEL ADIPOSA

Bioaktif (polifenol derivat flavan) didapat dari tanaman teh. Kendala penyediaan senyawa bioaktif sangat tergantung pada ketersediaan tanaman dalam semusim dan kadar senyawa yang relatif rendah. Maka produksi metabolit sekunder flavan-3-ol perlu dikembangkan dengan teknik kultur in vitro. Teknik ini prosesnya kontinyu, cepat, memungkinkan memasukkan precursor yang lebih efektif, ditemukan kembali dari cell line mutan yang mengarah pada produksi senyawa baru yang sebelumnya tidak terdapat pada tanaman utuh. Tujuan penelitian memperoleh metode/cara produksi bioaktif flavan-3-ol secara in vitro, berskala besar berpotensi mencegah penyakit obesitas dan degeneratif. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, berbagai metode dilakukan. Metode meliputi: (1) induksi kalus secara in vitro dengan menanam kotiledon dari kecambah pada media dengan berbagai zat pengatur tumbuh, (2) isolasi dan identifikasi flavan-3-ol secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. (3) Induksi akumulasi flavan-3-ol kultur kalus menggunakan elisitor. Hasil dari penelitian ini berupa kalus yang berisi flavan-3-ol yang akan dipakai untuk mempelajari diferensiasi sel adipose berdasar teknologi in vitro dengan dugaan adanya flavan-3-ol diuji sebagai anti obesitas

The Effect of Photoperiod to Break Dormancy of Porang’s (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Tuber and Growth

The aim of the research was to obtain the method of porang’s tuber dormancy breaking. The source of porang’s tuber were obtained from Rejosari Village, Bantur Subdistrict, Malang Regency. The diameter and weight of porang’s tuber were 5-7 cm and 100-150 g respectively. The research design was Completely Randomized Design. Porang’s tubers were storaged in the photoperiod cabinet during one month. The levels of photoperiod were 0, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours/day. The light intensity of TL lamp was 400 lux. As a control it was used porang’s tuber that it was placed in the dark cabinet without light.  Repetition was four times. The success of dormancy breaking was observed through the tuber capasity to grow that it was identified by bud  emerged. Data were analyzed by ANOVA that it was continued by Duncan test (α = 0.05). The results showed that photoperiod 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours/day during one month could stimulate porang’s tuber dormancy breaking. Photoperiod 16 hours/day emerged the height of buds 4.97 ± 1.20 mm and the diameter of buds 7.28 ± 1.22 mm at photoperiod 24 hours/day. The growth of porang’s tuber which is treated by photoperiod during one month were significantly different with control. Photoperiod 16 hours/day emerged the height of plants and the diameter of petiole were 106.38 ± 15.11 cm and 2.90 ± 0.29 mm respectively, while the width of canopy was 72.50 ± 22.17 cm at photoperiod 24 hours/day.  Besides, the diameter and weight of harvest tuber were 7.93 ± 2.20 cm and 383.20 ± 23.58 g. The weight of harvest tuber increased 255% from the early weight of tuber. Photoperiod treatment promote breaking of porang’s tuber dormancy

Effect of Cell Density and Benzyl Amino Purine on the Growth of Somatic Embryo of Citrus Mandarin Batu 55 (Citrus Reticulata Blanco.) in Liquid Culture

Citrus mandarin Batu 55 (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) is one of Indonesian fruits commodities that have high economic value and consumers demand. The propagation of citrus mandarin by plant tissue culture generally was carried out on solid medium. The liquid culture system could increase cell multiplication therefore it became alternative method of plant propagation through somatic embryogenesis. The effect of initial cell density and Benzyl Amino Purin (BAP) concentration in liquid media were investigated. The initial cells density and right concentration of BAP given in media can increase cell proliferation of somatic embryo in liquid culture. Globular somatic embryo were cultured on Murashige and Tucker media with initial cell density 4, 6, 8 and 10 mgL-1 and BAP 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mgL-1. Growth evaluation of somatic embryo were obtained by weighing fresh and dry weight every 2 weeks for 8 weeks for initial cell density treatment and 6 weeks of BAP treatment. The result of the research showed that cell density affect the growth of somatic embryo of citrus mandarin. Somatic embryo with low cell density showed slower growth compared than high cell density. Peak growth occured in 6th cultured with cell density 10 mgL-1. In addition to cell density, the growth of somatic embryo in liquid culture was affected by BAP. The growth of somatic embryo on the media containing BAP showed better results than without BAP. The highest BAP concentration on media showed fresh and dry weight of somatic embryo increased. In this research, growth of somatic embryo is not optimal yet because fresh and dry weights of somatic embryo still increase with high concentration 0.75 mgL-1 of BAP

Effects of Low Temperature on Somatic Embryos Growth, Maturation and Planlet Regeneration of Citrus Mandarin Var Batu 55 (Citrus Reticulata Blanco.)

This study was aimed to determine the effect of incubation at 4°C temperature during multiplication stage of somatic embryos on growth, maturation and plantlets regeneration of citrus Mandarin var Batu 55. Globular somatic embryos were cultured on MT (Murashige & Tucker) medium and incubated at 4°C temperature for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks. Maturation of somatic embryos was induced by transfering globular somatic embryos on maturation medium (MT + 50 mgl-1 malt extract + 73 mM sorbitol + 73 mM galactose). Cotyledonary embryo was regenerated on MT medium + 50 mgl-1 malt extract + 30 gL-1 sucrose + 2 ppm GA3. The research showed that maturation of somatic embyos at 4°C temperature inhibited growth and maturation of somatic embyos. Fresh weight of somatic embryo incubated at 4°C for 2 weeks lower than fresh weight of embryo cultured without incubation at 4°C, and continuous decline in longer incubation period. Maturation percentage of embryos without incubation at 4°C temperature was 15%, but embryos incubated at 4°C temperature were lower than 9%. There was no effect of incubation at 4°C temperature during somatic embryos multiplication stage on plantlet regeneration percentage

Water and Chlorophyll Content and Leaf Anatomy of Patchouli Planlet (Pogostemon Cablin Benth.) Resulted by Shoot-tip Culture Experience Hyperhydricity After Treatment of Modification Ammonium Nitrate or Macro Salt Concentration on MS Medium (Murashige Skoog)

Hyperhydricity is a symptom of abnormal morphological and physiological function which inhibits the regeneration of plantlets. In general, the main symptom of hyperhydricity is a change in the condition of the plantlets which looks clear (Glassy) as a result of low levels of chlorophyll, the high water content in the plantlets, and the abnormal anatomical structure of the leaves. Hyperhydricity can be controlled by reducing cytokinin concentration, increasing gelling agent concentration, and reducing ammonium nitrate and macro salt concentration on medium. Objective of this research was to reduce hyperhydricity in shoot tip culture of patchouli by modification of ammonium nitrate and macro salt concentration on MS medium. The various treatment concentrations of ammonium nitrate were 0 mg.L-1 (0), 41.25 mg.L-1 (¼ concentration), 825 mg.L-1 (½ concentration), 1650 mg.L-1 (1 concentration) and macro salt MS with 0, ¼ MS, ½ MS, MS with 5 replications. Hyperhydricity on patchouli shoots could be lowered, as indicated by the decrease in water content from 96% to 90-91%, the increase in total chlorophyll content, and the increased number of palisade cells and stomata on the leaf treatment outcome. The concentration treatment of ammonium nitrate showed better results than the concentration of macros salt in increasing the total chlorophyll content, but it did not differ significantly in lowering water levels and increasing the number of palisade cells and stomata. ¼x concentration treatment of ammonium nitrate could increase chlorophyll content of 0.16 to 0.97 mg.g-1, but MS with 1x concentration showed the best result in the increase of number of palisade cells and stomata of the leaves

The Effect of Gibberellin on Somatic Embryo Growth and Maturation and Plantlet Regeneration of Tangerine (Citrus Reticulata Blanco.) Var. Batu 55

The effect of gibberellin at multiplication stage on somatic embryo growth and maturation and plantlet regeneration of tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) var. Batu 55 was assessed. Somatic embryo at globular phase was cultured on MT media + 30 gL-1 sucrose and various concentrations of gibberellin (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 ppm). The somatic embryo was maturated on MT media + 500 ppm malt extract + 73 mM sorbitol + 73 mM galactose. Cotyledonary somatic embryo was regenerated into plantlet on MT media + 500 ppm malt extract + 30 gL-1 sucrose + 2 ppm GA3. The results showed that the addition of gibberellin in somatic embryo multiplication stage increased somatic embryo growth and maturation and plantlet regeneration of tangerine. Optimum concentration of gibberellin needed for somatic embryo growth was 4 ppm which yielded two-fold fresh weight compared to control. The percentage of maturation was very low below 5%. The addition of gibberellin in media at embryo multiplication stage slightly increased the percentage of maturation about 1-2%. Thirty percent of cotyledonary embryo was able to regenerate into plantlet. The addition of gibberellin in media at embryo multiplication stage increased the regeneration percentage, even the addition of 8 ppm gibberelline yielded regeneration percentage up to 70%

Effects of Sugar Type and Concentration on Batu 55 Mandarin (Citrus Reticulata Blanco.) Somatic Embryo Maturation

When obtaining plantlets, embryo maturation and simultaneous germination are important steps in plant micropropagation via somatic embryogenesis. Several studies have shown that the use of carbohydrates as a carbon source plays a significant role in inducing somatic embryo development in certain plant species. This study aimed to establish a somatic embryo maturation protocol for Batu 55 Mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco.) by examining the effect of various types of sugar and concentrations. The results showed that the type and concentration of sugar added to the medium affect the somatic embryo maturation of Batu 55 Mandarin. Galactose and maltose enhance somatic embryo maturation more effectively than does sorbitol. The combination of galactose or maltose with sorbitol was able to improve somatic embryo maturation more effectively than galactose or maltose alone. The combination of galactose and sorbitol enhanced the maturation of somatic embryos more effectively than did change the concentrations of maltose or sorbitol. It can be concluded that sugar type and concentration had effects on citrus somatic embryo development. The combination of sorbitol (36.5 mM) with galactose 73 mM was able to augment citrus somatic embryo maturation more effectively than the other concentrations applied

Pengembangan Modul Berbasis Research untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep dan Kemampuan Metakognisi Siswa Kelas X pada Topik Ekosistem Di SMA Negeri 1 Karanganyar Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014

The research and development are aimed: a) to develop a module based on research to improve the concept understanding and metacognitive ability of X student’s grade on the topic of ecosystem, b) to know the feasibility of module based on research to improve the concept understanding and metacognitive ability of X student’s grade on the topic of ecosystem, c) to know the effectiveness of module based on research to improve the concept understanding and metacognitive ability of X student’s grade on the topic of ecosystem. The research and development use  Borg and Gall ‘s procedure modified into seven stages, namely: 1) research and initial data collection, includes a review of literature and analysis the requirement; 2) Planning, involves making matrix of module, elaboration the indicators and learning objectives; 3) Preparation of the initial product; 4) First field testing, includes the validation test by expert of materials, expert of module design, expert of module developer and grammar, and expert of cognitive test, as well as user module (teachers and students); 5) Initial product revision; 6) The operasional field testing (stage II) with quasy experiment method. Test the effectiveness of product using Anacova at significans 0,05; 7) Final product revision. The result of the research shows that the module based on research on the topic of ecosystem is developed according to the Borg and Gall’s procedure modified into seven stages and arranged based on the research component. The feasibility of the module based on research is declared qualified "worthy" by the expert of materials, expert of module developer and grammar, expert of module design, and students (small groups), as well as qualified "very feasible" by expert of developer for test evaluation and the teacher (education practitioner). The module based on research is effective to improve the concept understanding represented by the average value of posstest for the treatment grade higher than the grade control, although statistical analysis shows no significant differences (Fvalue = 0,007 <Ftable (0,05:1; 58) = 4,00). The module based on research is effective to improve the metacognitive ability as indicated by the average value of posstest for treatment grade higher than the grade control, as well as statistical analysis shows a significant difference (Fvalue = 6,390> Ftable (0,05:1; 58) = 4,00). The conclusion of the research is the module based on research on the topic of ecosystem is feasible in learning and effective to improve the concept understanding and metacognitive ability

Pengaruh Sukrosa dan Fotoperiode terhadap Embriogenesis Somatik Jeruk Keprok Batu 55 (Citrus reticulata Blanco.)

ABSTRACTThis  study  aimed  at  determining  the  effect  of  sucrose  and  photoperiod treatment  on  the  growth  and development of  somatic embryos   in citrus Keprok Batu 55.  Citrus somatic embryos were induced from  nusell us explants cultured on  MT  (Murashige and Tucker)  medium +  146 mM  sucrose  +  500 mg  L- 1malt extract. After 3 times subcultures, somatic embryos were cultured on medium with several concentrations of sucrose (146, 171, 196,  and  246 mM) or treated with different  photoperiod  (8, 12,   and 16 hours). Treated somatic embryos  were regenerated  into plantlets.  The research  results showed  that   the addition of sucrose on medium   did not affect on fresh weight  of  somatic  embryo  at  2  weeks  of  culture  but  decreased  the fresh weight  of  somatic  embryos  at 4 weeks of culture. The higher the sucrose added to the medium, the more  embryo somatic fresh weight decrease.Induction  and  growth  of  s omatic  embryo  was  also  influenced by culture  conditions.   Fresh  weight  of  somatic embryos  was  cultured with photoperiod  12  hours  day- 1for  2  and  4  weeks  higher  than  the fotoperiode 8  hours  day- 1.  However,  the  fresh  weight  of  somatic embryos  decreased  if  photoperiod  was  increased  to 16 hours day- 1. Induced somat ic embryos on medium containing high sucrose ( 246 mM) produced more plantlets with higher size than those with low sucrose.  Somatic embryos cultured with photoperiod 12 hours day-1produced more plantlets than those of   photoperiod  8 and 16 hours day-1. Nevertheless, the somatic embryos were cultured with  photoperiod  16  hours  day-1produced  plantlets with  higher  sizes  than  photoperiod  8  and 12 hours day- 1.Keywords: medium, Murashige and Tucker, nuselus, plantletABSTRAKPenelitian  ini  bertujuan  untuk  mengetahui  pengaruh  perlakuan  sukrosa  dan fotoperiode  terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan embrio somatik jeruk Keprok Batu 55.  Embrio somatik diinduksi dari eksplan nuselus yang dikultur pada medium MT (Murashige dan Tucker) + sukrosa 146 mM  + ekstrak malt 500 mg  L-1. Setelah  3  kali  subkultur,  embrio  somatik  dikultur  pada media  MT  dengan  penambahan  beberapa  konsentrasi sukrosa  (146,  171, 196,  dan  246  mM)  atau  diperlakukan  dengan  fotoperiode  yang  berbeda (8,  12,  dan 16  jam  hari- 1).  Embrio  somatik  hasil  perlakuan  selanjutnya diregenerasikan  menjadi  planlet.  Hasil  penelitian menunjukkan penambahan sukrosa pada medium tidak berpengaruh terhadap bobot basah embrio somatik pada umur  kultur 2  minggu  tetapi  menurunkan bobot basah  embrio somatik pada  umur  kultur  4  minggu.  Semakin tinggi  sukrosa  yang  ditambahkan dalam  medium ,   penurunan  bobot  basah  embrio  somatik  juga semakin meningkat. Induksi dan pertumbuhan embrio somatik juga dipengaruhi oleh kondisi kultur. Bobot basah embrio somatik yang dikulturkan selama 2  dan 4 minggu dengan fotoperiode 12 jam  hari- 1lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan fotoperiode 8 jam  hari-1. Namun demikian apabila fotoperio de ditingkatkan menjadi 16 jam  hari- 1, bobot basah embrio somatik mengalami penurunan. Embrio somatik yang diinduksi pada medium yang mengandung sukrosa  tinggi (246  mM)  mampu  beregenerasi  menjadi  planlet  lebih  banyak  dan berukuran  lebih  tinggi dibandingkan  dengan  sukrosa  rendah.  Embrio somatik  yang  dikultur  dibawah  fotoperiode  12  jam  hari- 1menghasilkan planlet  lebih  bany ak  dibandingkan  fotoperiode  8  dan  12  jam  hari-1. Namun  demikian,  embrio somatik yang dikultur dengan fotoperiode 16 jam hari- 1mampu menghasilkan planlet yang berukuran lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan fotoperiode 8 dan 12 jam hari-1.Kata kunci: medium, Murashige dan Tucker, nuselus,   planle