TNFR1 and TNFR2 regulate the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in myeloma cells by multiple mechanisms

The huge majority of myeloma cell lines express TNFR2 while a substantial subset of them failed to show TNFR1 expression. Stimulation of TNFR1 in the TNFR1-expressing subset of MM cell lines had no or only a very mild effect on cellular viability. Surprisingly, however, TNF stimulation enhanced cell death induction by CD95L and attenuated the apoptotic effect of TRAIL. The contrasting regulation of TRAIL- and CD95L-induced cell death by TNF could be traced back to the concomitant NFκB-mediated upregulation of CD95 and the antiapoptotic FLIP protein. It appeared that CD95 induction, due to its strength, overcompensated a rather moderate upregulation of FLIP so that the net effect of TNF-induced NFκB activation in the context of CD95 signaling is pro-apoptotic. TRAIL-induced cell death, however, was antagonized in response to TNF because in this context only the induction of FLIP is relevant. Stimulation of TNFR2 in myeloma cells leads to TRAF2 depletion. In line with this, we observed cell death induction in TNFR1-TNFR2-costimulated JJN3 cells. Our studies revealed that the TNF-TNF receptor system adjusts the responsiveness of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in myeloma cells by multiple mechanisms that generate a highly context-dependent net effect on myeloma cell survival

Cellular IAPs inhibit a cryptic CD95-induced cell death by limiting RIP1 kinase recruitment

cIAPs keep RIP1 from getting to the DISC complex and complex II; when cIAPs are repressed, signaling is modulated by the cFLIP isoform

TNFR1 and TNFR2 in the Control of the Life and Death Balance of Macrophages

Macrophages stand in the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens but are also involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. To fulfill their functions macrophages sense a broad range of pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) by plasma membrane and intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Intriguingly, the overwhelming majority of PPRs trigger the production of the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). TNF affects almost any type of cell including macrophages themselves. TNF promotes the inflammatory activity of macrophages but also controls macrophage survival and death. TNF exerts its activities by stimulation of two different types of receptors, TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2, which are both expressed by macrophages. The two TNF receptor types trigger distinct and common signaling pathways that can work in an interconnected manner. Based on a brief general description of major TNF receptor-associated signaling pathways, we focus in this review on research of recent years that revealed insights into the molecular mechanisms how the TNFR1-TNFR2 signaling network controls the life and death balance of macrophages. In particular, we discuss how the TNFR1-TNFR2 signaling network is integrated into PRR signaling

The role of TRAF1 and JNK in TNF-induced apoptosis

TNF (Tumor Nekrose Faktor) vermittelt seine biologischen Funktionen durch Interaktionen mit TNFR1 (TNFRezeptor 1) und TNFR2 (TNFRezeptor 2). In früheren Arbeiten konnte gezeigt werden, dass der TNFR2 sowohl durch die Induktion von membrangebundenem TNF als auch durch die proteasomale Degradation von TRAF2 (TNFRezeptor-assozierter Faktor 2) die TNFR1-vermittelte Apoptose verstärken kann. Des Weiteren war bekannt, dass TRAF1 (TNFRezeptor-assozierter Faktor 1), ein anderes Mitglied der TRAF-Familie, mit TRAF2 Heterotrimere bilden kann und zudem nach TNF-induzierter NFkappaB- (nuclear factor kappaB) Aktivierung verstärkt exprimiert wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte nun erstmals gezeigt werden, dass TRAF1 in beide TNFR-Signalkomplexe rekrutiert wird und darin in einem TRAF2/TRAF1-Heterotrimer TRAF2 funktionell ersetzen kann. Darüber hinaus verhindert TRAF1 die Rekrutierung von TRAF2 in lipid rafts sowie dessen anschließende proteasomale Degradation. Auf diese Weise kann TRAF1 die TNFR2-abhängige Verstärkung der TNFR1-induzierten Apoptose verhindern. Im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die TNF-vermittelte Aktivierung der JNK (c-Jun N-terminale Kinase), dessen Regulation durch ROS (reactive oxygen species), Caspasen (Cysteinyl-Aspartat-spezifische Proteasen) sowie NFkappaB-induzierte Faktoren untersucht. TNF induziert in den meisten Zellen zunächst nach zehn bis 30 Minuten eine transiente JNK-Aktivierung, woraufhin bei NFkB-inhibierten Zellen eine zweite andauernde JNK-Aktivierung folgt. Die meisten in der Literatur beschriebenen Studien gehen dabei von einem ROS-abhängigen, Caspase-unabhängigen Mechanismus der persistierenden JNK-Aktivierung aus. Des Weiteren wurde in den vor allem bei embryonale Mausfibroblasten durchgeführten Untersuchungen davon ausgegangen, dass bestimmte NFkappaB-induzierte Radikalfänger die andauernde Aktivierung der JNK verhindern. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass in den humanen Zelllinien KB, Jurkat und HaCaT die andauernde Aktivierung der JNK, im Gegensatz zur transienten JNK-Aktivierung, Caspase-abhängig verläuft. Es ergab sich überdies, dass die inhibierende Wirkung des NFkB-Signalweges auf die persistierende JNK-Aktivierung in diesen Zelllinien in erster Linie auf die indirekte Verhinderung der Apoptose durch die Induktion von antiapoptotischen Proteinen wie Flip-L (FLICE-inhibitory protein long) und IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis) zurückzuführen ist, als auf die direkte Expression von Radikalfängern. Zudem wurde in den untersuchten Zelllinien die Caspase-vermittelte Spaltung von MEKK-1 (MAP/ERK kinase kinase-1) und p21WAF/Cip 1 nachgewiesen, von denen bekannt ist, dass die Spaltprodukte eine JNK-stimulierende Wirkung haben. Dennoch müssen künftige Studien zeigen, ob die Spaltung von p21WAF/Cip 1 und MEKK-1 in Fragmente mit JNK–stimulierender Aktivität oder andere Caspasesubstrate für die Caspase-vermittelte andauernde Aktivierung der JNK verantwortlich sind.TNF (tumor necrosis factor) induces its biological functions by interactions with TNFR1 (TNF receptor 1) and TNFR2 (TNF receptor 2). In recent studies it has been shown that stimulation of TNFR2 results in an enhancement of the TNFR1-induced apoptosis. The reason of this finding is the transcriptional induction of membrane-bound TNF as well as the proteasomal degradation of TRAF2 (TNF receptor associated factor 2). Furthermore it was known that TRAF1 (TNF receptor associated factor 1), those expression is induced by TNF mediated NFkB (nuclear factor kappaB) activation, can interact with TRAF2. In the first part of this thesis it could be demonstrated that TRAF1 co-recruits with TRAF2 to TNFR1 and TNFR2 without affecting the downstream signalling pathways. Moreover, TRAF1 expression inhibits TNFR2 induced recruitment of TRAF2 into lipid rafts and its subsequent depletion. In this manner, TRAF1 abrogates the TNFR2-mediated enhancement of TNFR1-induced apoptosis. In the second part of this thesis the TNF-induced activation of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) as well as its regulation by ROS (reactive oxygen species), caspases (cysteinyl-aspartat-specific proteases) and NFkB-induced proteins were examined. In most cell types TNF induces a transient activation of the JNK pathway, whereas in NFkB-inhibited cells a second sustained activation of JNK is observed. Based on previous studies, it has been suggested that TNF-induced prolonged JNK activation is predominantly mediated by ROS. Moreover, in some studies based on mouse embryonal fibroblasts it has been suggested that expression of NFkB-induced antioxidants prevents prolonged JNK activation upon TNF stimulation. In this thesis it could be shown in various human cellular systems, including KB, Jurkat and HaCaT, that TNF-induced prolonged activation of JNK is in contrast to the transient activation mediated by caspases. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that NFkB induction inhibits the TNF-induced prolonged JNK activation indirectly by inhibiting apoptosis rather than directly by expression of antioxidants. In addition, caspase-dependent cleavage of MEKK-1 (MAP/ERK kinase kinase-1) and p21WAF/Cip 1 was found in these cellular systems. As it is known from previous studies, cleavage of these proteins results in fragments with high JNK-stimulating activity, these caspase substrates could therefore play an important role in TNF-induced prolonged JNK-activation. However, further studies have to evaluate if the cleavage of MEKK-1 and p21WAF/Cip 1 or other caspase substrates mediates the TNF-induced caspase-dependent prolonged JNK-activation

Entwicklung des Nutzfahrzeugbestandes in Deutschland bis zum Jahreszeitraum 2000/2010 Prognosen mit Hilfe des EDV-gestuetzten Rechenwerkzeuges QUANTOR

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: FR 5538 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Do in-person and computer-based brief alcohol interventions reduce tobacco smoking among general hospital patients? Secondary outcomes from a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background At-risk alcohol use and tobacco smoking often co-occur. We investigated whether brief alcohol interventions (BAIs) among general hospital patients with at-risk alcohol use may also reduce tobacco smoking over 2 years. We also investigated whether such effects vary by delivery mode; i.e. in-person versus computer-based BAI. Methods A proactively recruited sample of 961 general hospital patients with at-risk alcohol use aged 18 to 64 years was allocated to three BAI study groups: in-person BAI, computer-based BAI, and assessment only. In-person- and computer-based BAI included motivation-enhancing intervention contacts to reduce alcohol use at baseline and 1 and 3 months later. Follow-ups were conducted after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. A two-part latent growth model, with self-reported smoking status (current smoking: yes/no) and number of cigarettes in smoking participants as outcomes, was estimated. Results Smoking participants in computer-based BAI smoked fewer cigarettes per day than those assigned to assessment only at month 6 (meannet change = − 0.02; 95% confidence interval = − 0.08–0.00). After 2 years, neither in-person- nor computer-based BAI significantly changed smoking status or number of cigarettes per day in comparison to assessment only or to each other (ps ≥ 0.23). Conclusions While computer-based BAI also resulted in short-term reductions of number of cigarettes in smoking participants, none of the two BAIs were sufficient to evoke spill-over effects on tobacco smoking over 2 years. For long-term smoking cessation effects, multibehavioural interventions simultaneously targeting tobacco smoking along with at-risk alcohol use may be more effective. Trial registration number: NCT01291693

Entwicklung des Nutzfahrzeugbestandes in Deutschland bis zum Jahreszeitraum 2000/2010: Prognosen mit Hilfe des EDV-gestuetzten Rechenwerkzeuges QUANTOR

Available from Bibliothek des Instituts fuer Weltwirtschaft, ZBW, Duesternbrook Weg 120, D-24105 Kiel C 183801 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman