Preparing to Teach Social Studies for Social Justice: Becoming a Renegade

Book Revie

NASA 1990 Multisensor Airborne Campaigns (MACs) for ecosystem and watershed studies

The Multisensor Airborne Campaign (MAC) focus within NASA's former Land Processes research program was conceived to achieve the following objectives: to acquire relatively complete, multisensor data sets for well-studied field sites, to add a strong remote sensing science component to ecology-, hydrology-, and geology-oriented field projects, to create a research environment that promotes strong interactions among scientists within the program, and to more efficiently utilize and compete for the NASA fleet of remote sensing aircraft. Four new MAC's were conducted in 1990: the Oregon Transect Ecosystem Research (OTTER) project along an east-west transect through central Oregon, the Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) project at the Northern Experimental Forest in Howland, Maine, the MACHYDRO project in the Mahantango Creek watershed in central Pennsylvania, and the Walnut Gulch project near Tombstone, Arizona. The OTTER project is testing a model that estimates the major fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and water through temperate coniferous forest ecosystems. The focus in the project is on short time-scale (days-year) variations in ecosystem function. The FED project is concerned with modeling vegetation changes of forest ecosystems using remotely sensed observations to extract biophysical properties of forest canopies. The focus in this project is on long time-scale (decades to millenia) changes in ecosystem structure. The MACHYDRO project is studying the role of soil moisture and its regulating effects on hydrologic processes. The focus of the study is to delineate soil moisture differences within a basin and their changes with respect to evapotranspiration, rainfall, and streamflow. The Walnut Gulch project is focused on the effects of soil moisture in the energy and water balance of arid and semiarid ecosystems and their feedbacks to the atmosphere via thermal forcing

Employing a Customer Orientation to Foster Entrepreneurial Behaviour in the Workplace

Employees’ entrepreneurial behaviour provides a competitive advantage for firms. Individual entrepreneurship research has looked mostly at the interaction with the firm-level construct or at organisational antecedents for entrepreneurial behaviour. The individual personal aspects that contribute to developing the behaviour present a gap in the current literature. This paper aims to fill this gap and argues that customer orientation, as a psychological variable, has an impact on the display of entrepreneurial behaviour. Based on the literature, this paper builds and tests an exploratory relationship model. This model includes helping behaviour as a distinct organizational citizenship behaviour, which has previously been linked to customer orientation and is argued to impact entrepreneurial behaviour as well. In addition, the impact of national workplace culture on the three employee-level variables has been investigated. The hypotheses were built based on the literature and tested via one-way ANOVA and mediated regression analysis using an international sample of 262 professionals from Germany, Malaysia, and the U.S.A., which was collected via an online survey. The findings reveal that customer orientation positively relates to entrepreneurial behaviour. Helping behaviour partially mediates this relationship. It was revealed that employees in the U.S. exhibit significantly higher levels of helping behaviour and entrepreneurial behaviour. There was no significant difference between Malaysia and Germany evident for these behaviours. Customer orientation did also not vary based on national workplace. The findings add to the existing entrepreneurship, customer orientation and organizational citizenship behaviour literature and provide practical implications for fostering entrepreneurial behaviour in existing firms

Experimental effects of thermal cycling on titanite morphology and growth

One-atmosphere, thermal cycling experiments on titanite in silicic melt provide growth rates, crystal number densities, and textural morphologies in order to better understand crystal populations in thermally oscillating magmatic environments. Titanite commonly occurs as relatively large, euhedral crystals in granitoid rocks with complex oscillatory zoning patterns that suggest a convoluted thermal history. Thermal cycling experiments demonstrate that titanite populations are coarsened by the combination of size-dependent precipitation and dissolution processes. Both the amplitude and the number of cycles have a larger positive correlation to crystal size than the period of the cycle. Titanite populations reach new textural equilibria of larger, fewer crystals when compared to static temperature crystal growth. Thermal cycling is ubiquitous in forming igneous rocks and affects the classical interpretations of crystal size distributions to include more dynamic and complex thermal processes.Master of Scienc

Effect of permafrost thaw on CO2 and CH4 exchange in a western Alaska peatland chronosequence

Permafrost soils store over half of global soil carbon (C), and northern frozen peatlands store about 10% of global permafrost C. With thaw, inundation of high latitude lowland peatlands typically increases the surface-atmosphere flux of methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas. To examine the effects of lowland permafrost thaw over millennial timescales, we measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 exchange along sites that constitute a ~1000 yr thaw chronosequence of thermokarst collapse bogs and adjacent fen locations at Innoko Flats Wildlife Refuge in western Alaska. Peak CH4 exchange in July (123 ± 71 mg CH4–C m−2 d−1) was observed in features that have been thawed for 30 to 70 (\u3c100) yr, where soils were warmer than at more recently thawed sites (14 to 21 yr; emitting 1.37 ± 0.67 mg CH4–C m−2 d−1 in July) and had shallower water tables than at older sites (200 to 1400 yr; emitting 6.55 ± 2.23 mg CH4–C m−2 d−1 in July). Carbon lost via CH4 efflux during the growing season at these intermediate age sites was 8% of uptake by net ecosystem exchange. Our results provide evidence that CH4 emissions following lowland permafrost thaw are enhanced over decadal time scales, but limited over millennia. Over larger spatial scales, adjacent fen systems may contribute sustained CH4 emission, CO2 uptake, and DOC export. We argue that over timescales of decades to centuries, thaw features in high-latitude lowland peatlands, particularly those developed on poorly drained mineral substrates, are a key locus of elevated CH4 emission to the atmosphere that must be considered for a complete understanding of high latitude CH4 dynamics

Evaluation method for determining management priorities for special case waste

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Radioactive Waste Technical Support Program (TSP) began the Special Case Waste (SCW) Inventory and Characterization Project in April 1989. The collection of data has been completed and a final draft report, Department of Energy Special Case Radioactive Waste Inventory and Characterization Data Report (DOE/LLW-96), was submitted in May 1990. A second final draft report, Supplemental Data Report to the Department of Energy Special Case Radioactive Waste Inventory and Characterization Data Report (DOE/LLW-95), containing additional and more detailed data and graphical presentations, was completed in July 1990. These two reports contain details on the special case waste categories and summaries of the total volumes and curies associated with each category of waste. It is anticipated that some version or combination of these two reports will be included in the final version of this report, which will describe an evaluation method for determining management priorities for special case waste. Preliminary analysis of the inventory data indicates that approximately 1,000,000 m{sup 3} of special case waste exist in the DOE system with possible insufficient treatment/storage/disposal capability or capacity. To help DOE prioritize the actions required to manage this large volume of special case waste, an evaluation method is required

Variation in Soil Carbon Dioxide Efflux at Two Spatial Scales in a Topographically Complex Boreal Forest

Carbon dynamics of high latitude regions are an important and highly uncertain component of global carbon budgets, and efforts to constrain estimates of soil-atmosphere carbon exchange in these regions are contingent on accurate representations of spatial and temporal variability in carbon fluxes. This study explores spatial and temporal variability in soil-atmosphere carbon dynamics at both fine and coarse spatial scales in a high-elevation, permafrost-dominated boreal black spruce forest. We evaluate the importance of landscape level investigations of soil-atmosphere carbon dynamics by characterizing seasonal trends in soil-atmosphere carbon exchange, describing soil temperature-moisture-respiration relations, and quantifying temporal and spatial variability at two spatial scales: the plot scale (0-5m) and the landscape scale (500-1000m). Plot-scale spatial variability (average variation on a given measurement day) in soil CO2 efflux ranged from a coefficient of variation (CV) 0.25 to 0.69, and plot-scale temporal variability (average variation of plots across measurement days) in efflux ranged from a CV of 0.19 to 0.36. Landscape-scale spatial and temporal variability in efflux was represented by a CV of 0.40 and 0.31 respectively, indicating that plot-scale spatial variability in soil respiration is as great as landscape-scale spatial variability at this site. While soil respiration was related to soil temperature at both the plot and landscape-scale, landscape level descriptions of soil moisture were necessary to define soil respiration-moisture relations. Soil moisture variability was also integral to explaining temporal variability in soil respiration. Our results have important implications for research efforts in high latitude regions where remote study sites make landscape-scale field campaigns challenging