Prevalence and characteristics of depressive disorders in early adolescents in central Norway

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Prevalence of depressive disorders among adolescents has varied across studies. The present study aims to assess current and lifetime prevalence and characteristics of adolescent Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Dysthymia and Depression NOS among adolescents in Central Norway in addition to socio-demographics and use of mental health care.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>In the Youth and Mental Health Study a representative sample of 2432 junior high school students (mean age 14.9 years, SD = 0.6) from two counties in Central Norway were screened with the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ). A subset of 345 of these adolescents (72.5% girls), 220 high scorers (MFQ = > 26), 74 middle scorers (MFQ 7-25), and 50 low scorers (MFQ < 7), 1 unknown score, were drawn and interviewed with the Kiddie SADS-PL (Present-Life Version). In all, 79% had parental interviews as well. All estimates of prevalence rates and population shares were weighted back using a sandwich estimator to yield true population estimates.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Almost one in four subjects (23%) had life-time depression. Prevalences of current Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Dysthymia and "Double depression" were 2.6%, 1.0% and 0.6%, respectively, and for Depression NOS 6.3%.</p> <p>All depressive disorders were characterized by long duration of episodes with large variations, and for any depressive disorder onset before 12 years of age. In multivariate analyses MDD and Dysthymia were most strongly associated with gender and not living with both biological parents. There was no gender difference for Depression NOS. Although a considerable number of depressed subjects had received mental health care, the reason for contact with services was seldom due to affective symptoms. Less than 20% had been in contact with specialist mental health services.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>High rates of Depression NOS, early onset of depressive episodes, long duration, and low use of specialized services point to the need for improved diagnostic assessment and treatment for young individuals.</p

Changes in quality of life among Norwegian school children: a six-month follow-up study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A considerable gap exists in regard to longitudinal research on quality of life (QoL) in community populations of children and adolescents. Changes and stability of QoL have been poorly examined, despite the fact that children and adolescents undergo profound developmental changes. The aims of the study were to investigate short-term changes in student QoL with regard to sex and age in a school-based sample.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A representative Norwegian sample of 1,821 school children, aged 8–16 years and their parents were tested at baseline and 6 months later, using the Inventory of Life Quality for Children and Adolescents (ILC) and the Kinder Lebensqualität Fragebogen (KINDL). Student response rate at baseline was 71.2% and attrition over the follow-up period was 4.6%, and 1,336 parents (70%) completed the follow-up. Change scores between baseline and follow-up evaluations were analysed by means of ANCOVA in regard to sex and age effects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Students in the 8^thgrade reported a decrease in QoL over the six-month follow-up period as compared to those in the 6^thgrade with regard to Family and School domains and total QoL on the KINDL. For emotional well-being a significant linear decrease in QoL across grades 6^thto 10^thwas observed. However, student ratings on the Friends and Self-esteem domains did not change significantly by age. Girls reported a higher decrease in their QoL across all grades over the follow-up period than did boys in respect of Self-esteem on the KINDL, and an age-related decrease in total QoL between 6^thand 8^thgrade on the ILC. Parent reports of changes in child QoL were nonsignificant on most of the domains.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The observed age and sex-related changes in school children's QoL across the six-month follow-up period should be considered in epidemiological as well as clinical research.</p

Social skills in preschool children with unilateral and mild bilateral hearing loss

Hearing loss may represent a risk for developing social skills difficulties; however, little is known about the potential risk resulting from unilateral or mild bilateral hearing loss (UMHL). We compared the social skills of 14 children with UMHL and 21 children with moderate to severe hearing loss (MSHL) with those of 123 children with typical hearing (TH). All the children were 4–5 years old, and all the children with hearing loss used hearing aids. The study was carried out in Norway. Associations between social skills and age at amplification and vocabulary skills were examined. The children with UMHL had lower social skills than the TH children, whereas the children with MSHL received scores similar to those of the TH children. The children with UMHL were detected and amplified later than the children with MSHL. Early amplification was associated with better social skills but not with better vocabulary. The results suggest that despite a limited effect on vocabulary development, early intervention is likely to promote social skills development in children with UMHL

KECINTAAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PRODUK SEPATU BUATAN CIBADUYUT DAN KONDISI EKONOMI PENGRAJIN SEPATU DI KAWASAN WISATA BELANJA CIBADUYUT

Bandung terkenal dengan berbagai destinasi wisatanya, salah satunya adalah Cibaduyut yang terkenal dengan produk sepatunya. Ketenaran Cibaduyut memang tidak pudar sampai saat ini, namun banyaknya produk sepatu buatan luar Cibaduyut yang masuk ke Cibaduyut akan menjadi masalah jika nantinya konsumen akan lebih memilih produk sepatu buatan luar Cibaduyut dibanding buatan Cibaduyut sendiri. Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengetahui keadaan kecintaan Masyarakat terhadap produk sepatu buatan Cibaduyut, keadaan ekonomi pengrajin sepatu di Cibaduyut dan adanya keterkaitan dari dua keadaan tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Data dan informasi mengenai pengrajin sepatu cibaduyut diperoleh dari data primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara menyebar kuesioner dan wawancara dengan Pemilik Bengkel Sepatu, Pengrajin Sepatu, litbang Kelurahan Cibaduyut, litbang Kecamatan Bojongloa Kidul dan litbang Sub Unit Pengembangan IKM Persepatuan Cibaduyut. Metode analisis data menggunakan Analisis statistika deskriptif dan analisa korelasi. Dalam penelitian ini didapatkan hasil kondisi kecintaan Masyarakat terhadap produk sepatu buatan Cibaduyut dalam kategori rendah (47782) dan kondisi ekonomi pengrajin sepatu di Cibaduyut masih dalam kategori rendah (2489) dan dari kedua keadaan tersebut ditemukan hubungan yang sangat kuat (0,971). Dan penlitian ini menunjukan harus adanya upaya dari masyarakat dalam meningkatkan kecintaanya terhadap produk sepatu buatan Cibaduyut agar keadaan ekonomi pengrajin sepatu di Cibaduyut kembali membaik.;---Bandung is famous for its variety of Tourism destinations , one of them is the well-known Cibaduyut. Cibaduyut famous with their original shoe product and fame did not fade until recently, but the large number of products of artificial outer shoe Cibaduyut will be a problem if later consumers will prefer artificial shoes products outside Cibaduyut. The purpose of this research was to investigate the State of the love of the public towards the artificial Cibaduyut shoes products, State of the economy in Cibaduyut shoe craftsmen and the interconnectedness of the two States. In this study the researcher employed descriptive method quantitative approach. Data and information regarding the cibaduyut shoe craftsmen gained from primary and secondary data. Data collection done by spreading the questionnaires and interviews with the owner of a Shoe repair shop, a shoe Craftsman, people at Cibaduyut Village, people at Cibaduyut Subdistrict and people at the IKM Cibaduyut Shoe Craraftsmen. Data analysis using the method of descriptive statistics analysis and correlation analysis. In this study the results obtained as a condition of the love of the public towards the artificial Cibaduyut shoe products are in the low category (47782) and economic condition of shoe craftsmen in Cibaduyut are in the low category (2489) and both of them have a very strong relationship (0,971). And these studies indicate there should be an efforts from the community in improving his fondness towards the products of artificial Cibaduyut shoe so that the State of the economy shoe craftsmen in Cibaduyut back improves

Shared genetic architecture underlying sleep and weight in children.

Meta-analyses suggest shorter sleep as a risk factor for obesity in children. The prevailing hypothesis is that shorter sleep causes obesity by impacting homeostatic processes. Sleep duration and adiposity are both heritable, and the association may reflect shared genetic aetiology. We examined the association between a body mass index (BMI) genetic risk score (GRS) and objectively-measured total sleep time (TST) in a cohort of Norwegian children (enrolled at age four in 2007-2008) using cross-sectional data at age six. The analytical sample included 452 six-year old children with complete genotype and phenotype data. The outcome was actigraphic total sleep time (TST) measured at age six years. Genetic risk of obesity was inferred using a 32-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) weighted GRS of BMI. Covariates were BMI-Standard deviation scores (SDS) (which takes into account age and sex) and, in a sensitivity analysis socioeconomic status. Analyses consisted of Pearson's correlations and linear regressions. In our sample, 54% of participants were male; mean (SD) TST, age and BMI were 9.6 (0.8) hours, 6.0 (0.2) years and 15.3 (1.2) kg/m2, respectively. BMI and TST were not correlated, r = -0.003, p = 0.946. However, the BMI GRS was associated with TST after adjusting for BMI-SDS, standardised β = -0.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.22, -0.01. To our knowledge, this is the first study to establish a relationship between genetic risk of obesity and objective sleep duration in children. Findings suggest some shared genetic aetiology underlying these traits. Future research could identify the common biological pathways through which common genes predispose to both shorter sleep and increased risk of obesity

The prospective relation between eating behaviors and BMI from middle childhood to adolescence: A 5-wave community study

Some eating behaviors are associated with increased risk of childhood obesity and are thus potential targets for obesity prevention. However, longitudinal research, especially on older children and adolescents, is needed to substantiate such a claim. Using data from a representative birth cohort of Norwegian children followed up biennially from age 6 to age 14 (analysis sample: n = 802), we tested if change in eating behaviors predicts increased body mass index (BMI) throughout childhood and adolescence, or if it is the other way around; higher BMI predicting more obesogenic eating. Eating behaviors were measured using the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) and BMI was measured objectively using digital scales. To separate within-person- and between-person effects and control for all time-invariant confounders (i.e., variables that do not change over the study period), we applied an autoregressive latent trajectory model with structured residuals (ALT-SR). Results showed that increases in obesogenic eating behaviors did not predict higher BMI at any age. It was the other way around: Increased BMI predicted increases in food responsiveness and emotional overeating at all time points, and enjoyment of food from 8 to 10 years and from 10 to 12 years. Furthermore, increased BMI predicted decreases in satiety responsiveness at all time points except from age 12 to age 14, as well as diminished emotional undereating from 12 to 14 years. One implication of our findings, if replicated, is that targeting obesogenic eating behaviors to change weight outcomes may be less effective in children older than age 6

Validation of the adult eating behavior questionnaire in a Norwegian sample of adolescents

Eating behaviors are related to health and well-being. To examine stability and change in eating behaviors throughout life, developmentally appropriate measures capturing the same eating behavior dimensions are needed. The newly developed Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire (AEBQ) builds on the well-established parent-reported Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), and together with the corresponding Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ), these questionnaires cover all ages. However, validation studies on adolescents are relatively sparse and have yielded somewhat conflicting results. The present study adds to existing research by testing the psychometric properties of the AEBQ in a sample of 14-year-olds and examining its construct validity by means of the parent-reported CEBQ. The current study uses age 14 data (analysis sample: n = 636) from the ongoing Trondheim Early Secure Study, a longitudinal study of a representative birth cohort of Norwegian children (baseline: n = 1007). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the factorial validity of AEBQ. Construct validity was examined by bivariate correlations between AEBQ subscales and CEBQ subscales. CFAs revealed that a 7-factor solution of the AEBQ, with the Hunger scale removed, was a better-fitting model than the original 8-factor structure. The 7-factor model was respecified based on theory and model fit indices, resulting in overall adequate model fit (χ2 = 896.86; CFI = 0.924; TLI = 0.912; RMSEA = 0.05 (90% CI: 0.043, 0.051); SRMR = 0.06). Furthermore, small-to-moderate correlations were found between corresponding AEBQ and CEBQ scales. This study supports a 7-factor solution of the AEBQ without the Hunger scale and provide evidence of its construct validity in adolescents. Several of the CEBQ subscales were significantly associated with weight status, whereas this was the case for only one of the AEBQ scales

Prevalence and stability of insomnia from preschool to early adolescence: a prospective cohort study in Norway

Background There is limited knowledge about the prevalence and stability of insomnia defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). We therefore provide such estimates from preschool to early adolescence and explore potential sex differences. Methods We followed a representative community sample (n=1037) biennially from 4 to 14 years of age (2007–2017). Insomnia diagnoses and symptoms were captured by a semistructured clinical interview of parents and children (from age 8 years). Results At ages 4 and 6 years approximately 2.5% of children met the criteria for insomnia, whereas at ages 8, 10, 12 and 14 years the prevalence ranged from 7.5% to 12.3%. During the 10-year period examined nearly 1 in 5 children had insomnia at least once (18.7%). Sex differences were apparent with DSM-IV, but not DSM-5, criteria: boys (8.1%) had more insomnia than girls (4.5%) did at ages 4–10 years, whereas girls (11.4%) had more insomnia than boys (7.1%) did at ages 12 and 14 years. Insomnia proved stable, with 22.9%–40.1% of children retaining their diagnosis 2 years later. Having current insomnia produced medium to large ORs of between 5.1 (95% CI 2.6 to 9.8) and 15.3 (95% CI 4.4 to 52.9) for subsequent insomnia 2 years later compared with not having preceding insomnia. Conclusions Insomnia was less prevalent than previous research indicates, with nearly 1 in 5 participants having insomnia at least once between the ages of 4 and 14 years. Female preponderance emerged in early adolescence. Having insomnia at one time point was a considerable risk for subsequent insomnia, indicating that insomnia is persistent and warrants clinical attention.publishedVersio

Longitudinal relations between impaired executive function and symptoms of psychiatric disorders in childhood

Background Malfunctioning of executive functions correlates with psychopathology in children. However, the directionality, the extent to which the relation varies for various disorders, and whether prospective relations afford causal interpretations are not known. Methods A community sample of Norwegian children (n = 874) was studied biennially from the age of 6 to 14 years. Executive functions were assessed using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Teacher-report and symptoms of psychopathology were assessed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (age 6; parents) and Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (ages 8–14; children and parents). Prospective reciprocal relations were examined using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model that adjusts for all unobserved time-invariant confounders. Results Even when time-invariant confounders were accounted for, reduced executive functions predicted increased symptoms of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) 2 years later, even when previous changes in these symptoms were adjusted for. The level of prediction (B = .83, 95% CI [.37, 1.3]) was not different for different disorders or ages. Conversely, reduced executive functions were predicted by increased symptoms of all disorders (B = .01, 95% CI [.01, .02]). Conclusions Reduced executive functioning may be involved in the etiology of depression, anxiety, ADHD, and ODD/CD to an equal extent. Moreover, increased depression, anxiety, ADHD, and ODD/CD may negatively impact executive functioning.publishedVersio