Same, same but different - Attention bias for food cues in adults and adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa

Kamishibai je tradicionalan način japanskog pripovijedanja. Može se definirati kao skup kartica korištenih za vizualni poticaj pri čitanju priče s poleđine kartica. Sastoji se od skupa slika koje pripovijeda pripovjedač. Dijelimo ga na jednostavni – kada se izvođač koristi isključivo slikama koje pridržava rukama te ih izmjenjuje i priča priču ili može uključivati drvenu kutiju – 'kazalište' u kojoj su kartice poredane po tijeku čime je olakšano pomicanje slika – razrađeni. Oblik je umjetnosti koji kombinira usmene, vizualne i tiskane mehanizme pismenosti. Funkcija ovog načina pripovijedanja u prošlosti bila je zabavljati djecu u Japanu te uz to prodavati slatkiše kako bi pripovjedači zaradili za život. Priče su oslikane ilustracijama koje se izmjenjuju sukladno radnji. Predstave kamishibaia održavale su se na ulicama Japana sve do pojave televizora kada je on ostao samo uspomena i vrijedna kulturna baština Japana. Nakon dugo vremena ponovno se budi interes za ovakvom vrstom pripovijedanja, pogotovo na području odgojno obrazovnih ustanova, odgajatelja koji kamishibai vide kao dobru metodu podučavanja prilikom rada s djecom. Kao takvog možemo ga definirati kao tehniku koja kvalitetno razvija empatiju kod djece rane i predškolske dobi upravo iz razloga što se kod djece, slušajući priču koju prati kretanje slika, aktiviraju određeni osjećaji te obogaćuje emocionalni doživljaj koji budi kreativnost i motivaciju. Također, o kvalitetnom i pozitivnom empatijskom komuniciranju možemo govoriti kroz kamishibai upravo zato što aktivira i obogaćuje emocionalni doživljaj koji pobuđuje kreativnost i motivaciju kod djeteta.Kamishibai is a traditional way of Japanese narration. It can be defined as a set of cards used for visual stimulation when reading the back of the card. We can divide it into simple - when the artist is used exclusively with sticky hands, and switches them to stories or may include a wooden box - a 'theater' in which the cards are aligned and easier to move the image - elaborated It is a form of art that combines oral, visual and printed mechanisms of literacy. The function of this mode of storytelling in the past was to entertain children in Japan and sell them sweets so that narrators could make a living. The stories are painted with illustrations that change in accordance with the actions. The Kamishibai performances lived in the streets of Japan until the television appeared when he was just a memorial and a valuable cultural heritage of Japan. After a long time, there is interest in this kind of narrative, especially in the field of educational institutions, educators who see kamishibai as a good method of teaching in working with children. As such, we can define it as a technique that develops empathy of high quality in early and pre-school children precisely because children listen to the story that accompanies the movement of images activate certain feelings and enrich the emotional experience that arouses creativity and motivation. We can also talk about quality and positive empathic communication through kamishibai precisely because it activates and enriches an emotional experience that stimulates creativity and motivation in a child

Attention bias for food is independent of restraint in healthy weight individuals—An eye tracking study.

a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Objective: Restrained eating style and weight status are highly correlated. Though both have been associated with an attentional bias for food cues, in prior research restraint and BMI were often confounded. The aim of the present study was to determine the existence and nature of an attention bias for food cues in healthy-weight female restrained and unrestrained eaters, when matching the two groups on BMI. Method: Attention biases for food cues were measured by recordings of eye movements during a visual probe task with pictorial food versus non-food stimuli. Healthy weight high restrained (n = 24) and low restrained eaters (n = 21) were matched on BMI in an attempt to unconfound the effects of restraint and weight on attention allocation patterns. Results: All participants showed elevated attention biases for food stimuli in comparison to neutral stimuli, independent of restraint status. Discussion: These findings suggest that attention biases for food-related cues are common for healthy weight women and show that restrained eating (per se) is not related to biased processing of food stimuli, at least not in healthy weight participants

Time to make a change:A call for more experimental research on key mechanisms in anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life‐threatening eating disorder, characterised by persistent pathological weight loss behaviours and an intense fear of weight gain and food consumption. Although there is an abundance of scientific theories on the neurobiological, psychological and sociocultural factors thought to be involved in the maintenance of AN, there is little experimental research testing these ideas. The need for theory firmly grounded in empirical evidence becomes strikingly clear when we consider that current treatments for patients with AN are limited in their effectiveness, and relapse after treatment is common

Make up your mind about food:A healthy mindset attenuates attention for high-calorie food in restrained eaters

Attention bias for food could be a cognitive pathway to overeating in obesity and restrained eating. Yet, empirical evidence for individual differences (e.g., in restrained eating and body mass index) in attention bias for food is mixed. We tested experimentally if temporarily induced health versus palatability mindsets influenced attention bias for food, and whether restrained eating moderated this relation. After manipulating mindset (health vs. palatability) experimentally, food-related attention bias was measured by eye-movements (EM) and response latencies (RL) during a visual probe task depicting high-calorie food and non-food. Restrained eating was assessed afterwards. A significant interaction of mindset and restrained eating on RL bias emerged, β = 0.36, t(58) = 2.05, p = 0.045: A health mindset - as compared to a palatability mindset - attenuated attention bias for high-caloric food only in participants with higher eating restraint. No effects were observed on EM biases. The current results demonstrate that state differences in health versus palatability mindsets can cause attenuated attention bias for high-calorie food cues in participants with higher eating restraint. Our findings add to emerging evidence that state differences in mindsets can bias attention for food, above the influence of trait differences

Desire lies in the eyes: attention bias for chocolate is related to craving and self-endorsed eating permission

a b s t r a c t The present study tested the impact of experimentally manipulated perceived availability of chocolate on attention for chocolate stimuli, momentary (state) craving for chocolate and consumption of chocolate in healthy weight female students. It was hypothesized that eating forbiddance would be related to attentional avoidance (thus diminished attention focus on food cues in an attempt to prevent oneself from processing food cues) and that eating motivation would be related to attentional approach (thus maintained attentional focus on food cues). High chronic chocolate cravers (n = 40) and low cravers (n = 40) participated in one of four perceived availability contexts (required to eat, forbidden to eat, individual choice to eat, and 50% chance to eat) following a brief chocolate exposure. Attention for chocolate was measured using eye-tracking; momentary craving from self-report; and the consumption of chocolate was assessed from direct observation. The perceived availability of chocolate did not significantly influence attention allocation for chocolate stimuli, momentary craving or chocolate intake. High chocolate cravers reported significantly higher momentary craving for chocolate (d = 1.29, p < .001), and showed longer initial duration of gaze on chocolate, than low cravers (d = 0.63, p < .01). In contrast, participants who indicated during the manipulation check that they would not have permitted themselves to eat chocolate, irrespective of the availability instruction they received, showed significantly less craving (d = 0.96, p < .01) and reduced total dwell time for chocolate stimuli than participants who permitted themselves to eat chocolate (d = 0.53, p < .05). Thus, this study provides evidence that attention biases for food stimuli reflect inter-individual differences in eating motivation, -such as chronic chocolate craving, and self-endorsed eating permission

Desire lies in the eyes:attention bias for chocolate is related to craving and self-endorsed eating permission

a b s t r a c t The present study tested the impact of experimentally manipulated perceived availability of chocolate on attention for chocolate stimuli, momentary (state) craving for chocolate and consumption of chocolate in healthy weight female students. It was hypothesized that eating forbiddance would be related to attentional avoidance (thus diminished attention focus on food cues in an attempt to prevent oneself from processing food cues) and that eating motivation would be related to attentional approach (thus maintained attentional focus on food cues). High chronic chocolate cravers (n = 40) and low cravers (n = 40) participated in one of four perceived availability contexts (required to eat, forbidden to eat, individual choice to eat, and 50% chance to eat) following a brief chocolate exposure. Attention for chocolate was measured using eye-tracking; momentary craving from self-report; and the consumption of chocolate was assessed from direct observation. The perceived availability of chocolate did not significantly influence attention allocation for chocolate stimuli, momentary craving or chocolate intake. High chocolate cravers reported significantly higher momentary craving for chocolate (d = 1.29, p < .001), and showed longer initial duration of gaze on chocolate, than low cravers (d = 0.63, p < .01). In contrast, participants who indicated during the manipulation check that they would not have permitted themselves to eat chocolate, irrespective of the availability instruction they received, showed significantly less craving (d = 0.96, p < .01) and reduced total dwell time for chocolate stimuli than participants who permitted themselves to eat chocolate (d = 0.53, p < .05). Thus, this study provides evidence that attention biases for food stimuli reflect inter-individual differences in eating motivation, -such as chronic chocolate craving, and self-endorsed eating permission