Identitätsbildung in Andorra

Die Arbeit „Identitätsbildung in Andorra“ beschäftigt sich mit den nationalen Symbolen und Besonderheiten des Kleinstaates Andorra. Zu Beginn werden Theorien über Nationenbildung, sowie Staatsnation und Kulturnation behandelt, um die nationale Identitätsbildung besser verständlich zu machen. Die andorranische Identität wird anhand eines, von Metzeltin und Wallmann, entwickelten Modells, analysiert. Das Modell stammt aus dem Werk „Wege zur Europäischen Nation“ aus dem Jahr 2010. Folgende Punkte zeichnen, dem Modell zufolge, nationale Identität aus: Bewusstwerdung, Territorialisierung, Historisierung, Standardisierung einer supranationalen Sprache, Textkanonisierung (Nationalliteratur), Institutionalisierung, Medialisierung. Die Besonderheiten der andorranischen Identität liegen wohl zuerst einmal in der Tatsache, dass das Fürstentum ein Kleinstaat ist. Zudem ist es eine der ältesten Nationen Europas. Eine Minderheitensprache, das Katalanische, ist die einzige offizielle Sprache. Regiert wird das Land von zwei Kofürsten, welche das Land so gut wie nie besuchen und sich aus den politischen Belangen heraushalten. Andorra zeichnet sich durch sein langes Bestehen und die beinahe Unberührtheit der Traditionen aus. Eine Tradition ging aber bis heute nicht verloren: die Religion. Die katholische Kirche hat großen Einfluss auf das Land. In gewisser Weise ist das Principat wohl mit dem Vatikan zu vergleichen. Die römisch katholische Religion ist aber, zudem auch in der Bildung und in den Medien vertreten. Es gibt einen konfessionellen Fernsehsender und einige konfessionelle Schulen. Die wichtigsten Kulturdenkmäler sind katholische Kirchen und ein nationaler Feiertag ist am achten September, um die Landespatronin die Mare de Deu de Meritxell zu ehren. Die Flagge und das Wappen des Landes zeigen die politische und geschichtliche Beschaffenheit des Landes. In vieler Hinsicht ist der Kleinstaat eine Besonderheit

Design strategy for controlled natural aging in Al-Mg-Si alloys

This study presents a design strategy for Al-Mg-Si alloys to control natural aging. Recently, trace addition of Sn was shown to suppress natural aging for up to two weeks, which was explained by the strong trapping of vacancies to Sn atoms. Here we explore the effect of solution treatment temperature, the combination of trace elements such as Sn and In, and the composition of main hardening elements Mg, Si and Cu on natural aging. The results are discussed based on the dissolvable amount of trace elements and their effect on diffusion retardation, and solute clustering mechanisms in Al-Mg-Si alloys. Thermodynamic calculations using the CALPHAD approach show that maximum retardation of natural aging is achievable at the highest trace element solubility, which exists at significantly different solution treatment temperatures for Sn or In. The effects of Mg, Si and Cu content on natural aging kinetics are interpreted via their influence on the Sn solubility and clustering mechanisms. It is proposed that Sn additions reduce the concentration of excess vacancies, which is most important for early Si clustering, and that the effect of Cu is comparable to the effect of Sn, but less pronounced. Based on the investigated parameter space, a design concept is proposed and an Al-Mg-Si alloy showing suppression of natural aging for >6 months and significant artificial aging potential is demonstrated. (C) 2016 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Från Kamp till Kampanj : Försvarsmaktens reklamkampanjer och identitetsutveckling i en värld av förändring

The Swedish armed forces is a big organization whose primary task is to be ready if we go to war, and to defend their country. Over time, rules and laws have changed and these changes have also led to changes in the priorities of the Swedish Armed Forces. At the same time, situations such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have also required the Swedish Armed Forces to adapt. The primary goal of the thesis is to see how the Swedish armed forces have adapted their identity and image under these conditions. This study analyses four different commercials from the period 2010-2023 when the above changes took place. We want to see how the marketing surrounding the making of these commercials reflect the changing identity and images of the Swedish armed forces

Effect of thermal treatments on Sn-alloyed Al-Mg-Si alloys

Sn-alloying, by deploying comparatively high vacancy binding energy, mitigates the undesired natural aging behavior of 6xxx-alloys. Targeted selection of pre-aging parameters can have a positive influence on natural aging and paint-bake performance. In this study, we aimed to combine the two approaches of Sn-alloying and pre-aging. Our results indicate that alloys modified with 100 at.-ppm Sn require altered heat treatment. In terms of solution aging and quenching, we show that the cooling rate needed depends on the types of alloy. The rate must be adapted, according to the number of intermetallic particles, to guarantee a sufficiently high level of Sn atoms in solid solution. The rather high number of intermetallic phases in alloy EN-AW-6061 means that it requires fast quenching, while the comparatively low number of precipitate-forming elements in alloy EN-AW-6016 makes it less sensitive to quenching variations. We also show that Sn reduces pre-aging kinetics. The optimal pre-aging temperature and time were consequently found to increase when Sn is added. We also studied the effect of adding a further thermal spike to the usual long-term pre-aging, at different positions within the processing route. The results we present are discussed based on a simulation of vacancy evolution in the alloy when subjected to these treatments.ISSN:1996-194

Diffusion on Demand to Control Precipitation Aging: Application to Al-Mg-Si Alloys

We demonstrate experimentally that a part-per-million addition of Sn solutes in Al-Mg-Si alloys can inhibit natural aging and enhance artificial aging. The mechanism controlling the aging is argued to be vacancy diffusion, with solutes trapping vacancies at low temperature and releasing them at elevated temperature, which is supported by a thermodynamic model and first-principles computations of Sn-vacancy binding. This "diffusion on demand" solves the long-standing problem of detrimental natural aging in Al-Mg-Si alloys, which is of great scientific and industrial importance. Moreover, the mechanism of controlled buffering and release of excess vacancies is generally applicable to modulate diffusion in other metallic systems