Communicating With the Elderly: Gender and Contact Differences in Prototypes, Hesitation Phenomena, Proxemics, and Interaction Evaluations.

The purpose of the present dissertation was to examine some of the perceptions younger adults have about the elderly, communication behaviors during a cross-generational interaction, and evaluations of the interaction. The present investigation used an experimental design that included the following two independent variables: (1) gender and (2) amount of interaction (or contact) a younger adult has with elderly people. Subjects were categorized into high, medium, or low contact groups based on self-reports. The study consisted of an initial survey, an experiment (younger subjects interviewed by an elderly confederate), and a postinteraction survey. The gender and contact factors were investigated in relation to the following dependent variables: (1) a self-generated elderly prototype; (2) hesitation phenomena, including ah, non-ah, and silent pauses during the interage interview; (3) proxemics during the interage interview; and (4) interaction evaluations following the interview. Results indicated that there were significant gender differences for the complexity and redundancy of self-generated elderly prototypes. Females generated more complex elderly prototypes than males. A multivariate analysis of variance evidenced significant gender differences in hesitation phenomena; females exhibited fewer hesitations than males. There were significant univariate gender differences for ah pauses as well, indicating females used fewer ah pauses. There was no support for gender effects on proxemics or interaction evaluations. No significant results were found due to differences in amount of contact with elderly individuals. Conclusions for the present study are discussed in regard to prototypes, verbal fluency, nonverbal expectancy violations, kinkeeping, and younger adults\u27 general perceptions of elderly and judgements of elderly conversational partners

Strategies Mine Leaders Apply to Reduce Fuel Use and Associated Costs

The inefficient use of diesel fuel can contribute to environmental degradation and global climate change. Mining leaders must ensure the effective use of diesel fuel to reduce costs and conform to global carbon taxation practices. Grounded in the social exchange and corporate social responsibility theories, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies successful mine leaders apply to ensure effective use of diesel fuel and reduce associated costs. The participants included four leaders of mining firms within Australia and South Africa who have successful experience with reducing diesel fuel consumption. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. The four themes identified were emissions, asset management, haul truck driver style, and diesel cost. A key recommendation is for mining leaders to promote strategies that help reduce diesel fuel and minimize environmental issues surrounding mining operations. Implications for positive social change included the potential for mining leaders to invest in strategies to mitigate continuous environmental change further while improving the lives of people and communities residing near mining firms

Campus Vol VII N 2

Howard Studio. Betty Janda, Junior . Picture. 0. Bedell, Barrie. Campus Affords Opportunity . Prose. 2. Pierson, Pete. Untitled. Cartoon. 2.; Gould, James. A Christmas Fable . Prose. 3. Dake, Hart. The House I Lived In, Or The Real Story Behind the Closing of The Pines . Prose. 4. Adams, Rob and Bill Hughes. Eastward Ha! . Prose. 6. Wellman, Lynn. Denison Debators Used to Winning . Prose. 8. Gould, Chester. The American Way . Prose. 9.; Dutro, Jacqui. The Portable Christmas . Prose. 10. Malcomson, Bill. A City Street . Prose. 12. Pierson, Pete. Untitled. Cartoon. 13. Umphrey, Shirley. 1952 Campus Gal-ender Girls . Poem. 14. Smith, Orlo et al. 1952 Campus Gal-ender Girls . Picture. 14. Jacobs, Edward R. It Came to Pass . Prose. 18. Hodges, John. A Native Returns . Prose. 19. Pierson, Pete. Untitled. Cartoon. 21. Hart, Herbert. The Case of The Reticent Regurgitator . Prose. 23. Potts. Untitled. Cartoon. 23. Rounds, Dave. Infamous Past Words . Cartoon. 24. Potts. Untitled. Cartoon. 25

Observer variability assessing US scans of the preterm brain: the ELGAN study

Neurosonography can assist clinicians and can provide researchers with documentation of brain lesions. Unfortunately, we know little about the reliability of sonographically derived diagnoses

Elevated protein concentrations in newborn blood and the risks of autism spectrum disorder, and of social impairment, at age 10 years among infants born before the 28th week of gestation

Among the 1 of 10 children who are born preterm annually in the United States, 6% are born before the third trimester. Among children who survive birth before the 28th week of gestation, the risks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and non-autistic social impairment are severalfold higher than in the general population. We examined the relationship between top quartile inflammation-related protein concentrations among children born extremely preterm and ASD or, separately, a high score on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS total score ≥65) among those who did not meet ASD criteria, using information only from the subset of children whose DAS-II verbal or non-verbal IQ was ≥70, who were assessed for ASD, and who had proteins measured in blood collected on ≥2 days (N = 763). ASD (N = 36) assessed at age 10 years is associated with recurrent top quartile concentrations of inflammation-related proteins during the first post-natal month (e.g., SAA odds ratio (OR); 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5; 1.2–5.3) and IL-6 (OR; 95% CI: 2.6; 1.03–6.4)). Top quartile concentrations of neurotrophic proteins appear to moderate the increased risk of ASD associated with repeated top quartile concentrations of inflammation-related proteins. High (top quartile) concentrations of SAA are associated with elevated risk of ASD (2.8; 1.2–6.7) when Ang-1 concentrations are below the top quartile, but not when Ang-1 concentrations are high (1.3; 0.3–5.8). Similarly, high concentrations of TNF-α are associated with heightened risk of SRS-defined social impairment (N = 130) (2.0; 1.1–3.8) when ANG-1 concentrations are not high, but not when ANG-1 concentrations are elevated (0.5; 0.1–4.2)

Laboratory Comparisons of Two Species of Liquidambar

Laboratory germinated seedlings of Liquidambar styraciflua L., sweet gum, from Barren County, Kentucky, subjected to a flooding or inundation test were shown to respond in significantly different ways than did the controls. Plants with root systems standing in water showed a much shorter period of non-dormancy than plants that were not subjected to submergence when both were grown under long day, warm temperature conditions in growth chambers. There was no evidence of transfer of a growth retardant or dormin-like compound in water transferred from plants grown under short day (long night) conditions to plants with roots submerged under long day (short night) periods. The root weights and shoot weights of plants grown under long day dry conditions were significantly higher (.001 level) than the root and shoot weights of seedlings subjected to root submergence although there was no significant difference between the root-shoot ratios. Plants receiving the submerged treatment showed significantly higher (.001 level) values of wood specific gravity than control seedlings grown under dry or normal test conditions. Root stocks of the submerged plants showed anatomical differences when compared with plants not submerged during the test. Submerged root stocks possessed structures with superficially resembled enlarged lenticels. Laboratory germinated seedlings of Liguidambar formosana Hance obtained from Taiwan showed no response to photoperoid under the warm temperature cycle (32-24 C). Once these seedlings were placed under a cooler temperature cycle (24-10 C) they exhibited cessation of growth and formation of dormant buds. Seedlings of Liquidambar formosana differed from L. styraciflua seedlings in having significantly fewer (.001 level) stomata per leaf area, a significantly lower (.001 level) leaf area, and a significantly lower (.001 level) seed weight

EC90-883 Crop and Livestock Prices for Nebraska Producers

Extension circular 90-883 is about crop and livestock prices for Nebraska producers

Preclinical studies of stress, extinction, and prefrontal cortex: intriguing leads and pressing questions

Background: Stress is associated with cognitive and emotional dysfunction, and increases risk for a variety of psychological disorders, including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Prefrontal cortex is critical for executive function and emotion regulation, is a target for stress hormones, and is implicated in many stress-influenced psychological disorders. Extinction of conditioned fear provides an excellent model system for examining how stress-induced changes in corticolimbic structure and function are related to stress-induced changes in neural function and behavior, as the neural circuitry underlying this behavior is well characterized. Objectives: This review examines how acute and chronic stress influences extinction and describes how stress alters the structure and function of the medial prefrontal cortex, a potential neural substrate for these effects. In addition, we identify important unanswered questions about how stress-induced change in prefrontal cortex may mediate extinction deficits and avenues for future research. Key findings: A substantial body of work demonstrates deficits in extinction after either acute or chronic stress. A separate and substantial literature demonstrates stress-induced neuronal remodeling in medial prefrontal cortex, along with several key neurohormonal contributors to this remodeling, and there is substantial overlap in prefrontal mechanisms underlying extinction and the mechanisms implicated in stress-induced dysfunction of—and neuronal remodeling in—medial prefrontal cortex. However, data directly examining the contribution of changes in prefrontal structure and function to stress-induced extinction deficits is currently lacking. Conclusions: Understanding how stress influences extinction and its neural substrates as well as individual differences in this effect will elucidate potential avenues for novel interventions for stress-sensitive disorders characterized by deficits in extinction

Differential dendritic remodeling in prelimbic cortex of male and female rats during recovery from chronic stress

Chronic stress produces differential dendritic remodeling of pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex of male and female rats. In males, this dendritic remodeling is reversible. However, the timeline of recovery, as well as the potential for reversibility in females, is unknown. Here, we examined dendritic recovery of pyramidal neurons in layer II–II of prelimbic cortex in male and female rats following chronic restraint stress (3 h/day for 10 days). Dendritic morphology and spine density were analyzed immediately following the cessation of stress, or following a 7 or 10 day recovery period. Chronic stress produced apical dendritic retraction in males, which was coupled with a decrease in the density of stubby spine on apical dendrites. Further, following a 10-day recovery period, the morphology of neurons from stressed rats resembled that of unstressed rats. Male rats given a 7 day recovery period had apical dendritic outgrowth compared to unstressed rats. Immediately after cessation of stress, females showed only minimal dendritic remodeling. The morphology of neurons in stressed females resembled those of unstressed rats following only 7 days of recovery, at which time there was also a significant increase in stubby spine density. Males and females also showed different changes in baseline corticosterone concentrations during recovery. These findings not only indicate that dendritic remodeling in prelimbic cortex following chronic stress is different between males and females, but also suggest chronic stress induces differential hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in males and females. These differences may have important implications for responses to subsequent stressors

Chronic stress produces enduring sex- and region-specific alterations in novel stress-induced c-Fos expression

Prolonged or repeated exposure to stress increases risk for a variety of psychological disorders, many of which are marked by dysfunction of corticolimbic brain regions. Notably, women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with these disorders, especially when onset of symptoms follows stressful life events. Using rodent models, investigators have recently begun to elucidate sex-specific changes in the brain and behavior that occur immediately following chronic stress. However, little is known regarding the lasting sequelae of chronic stress, as well as how potential changes may impact responsivity to future stressors. We recently demonstrated that male and female rats show different patterns of dendritic reorganization in medial prefrontal cortex in the days following chronic stress. Here, we examined the immediate and lasting effects of chronic restraint stress (CRS; 3 h/day, 10 days) on neuronal activation, across several corticolimbic brain regions, induced by novel acute stress exposure. Chronically stressed male and female rats were exposed to acute elevated platform stress (EPS) either 1 (CRS-EPS) or 7 (CRS-Rest-EPS) days after CRS. Compared to rats exposed to EPS only, significant reductions in acute stress-induced c-Fos expression were observed in the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in CRS-EPS male rats, some of which persisted to 7 days post-stress. In contrast, we found little modulation of novel stress-induced c-Fos expression in CRS-EPS female rats. However, CRS-Rest-EPS female rats exhibited a significant enhancement of acute stress-induced neuronal activity in the PVN. Together, these data show that prior chronic stress produces sex- and region-specific alterations in novel stress-induced neuronal activation, which are dependent on the presence or absence of a rest period following chronic stress. These findings suggest that the post-stress rest period may give rise to sex-specific neuroadaptations to stress, which may underlie sex differences in stress susceptibility versus resilience