Related consistent lures increase the judgment of multiplication facts: Evidence using event-related potential technique

Simple multiplication errors are primarily shown in whether the lures are related to the operands (relatedness, such as 3 × 4 = 15 vs. 17) or whether the same decades are shared with the correct answers (consistency, such as 3 × 4 = 16 vs. 21). This study used a delayed verification paradigm and event-related potential technique to investigate the effects of relatedness and consistency in simple multiplication mental arithmetic for 30 college students in an experiment of presenting probes in auditory channels. We found that, compared to the related inconsistent lures, the related consistent lures showed significantly faster reaction time and induced significantly large amplitudes of N400 and late positive component. The findings suggest that related consistent lures are less affected by the activation diffusion of the arithmetic problem, and the credibility of being perceived as the correct answer is less; the lures related to operands and sharing the same decades with the accurate results can promote the judgment of multiplication mental arithmetic, and the results support the Interacting Neighbors Model

Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell Modules with High Stability Enabled by Iodide Diffusion Barriers

Operational stability of efficient opto-electronic conversion is crucial for the success in large-scale application of perovskites devices. Owing to the intrinsically weak structure of perovskites, iodide represents the most volatile constituents, and its diffusion can induce irreversible degradation that continues to present a great challenge to realize stable perovskite devices, Here, we introduce a low-temperature processing strategy to increase the operational stability of high-efficiency perovskite solar modules by engineering low-dimensional diffusion barriers, reducing the unwanted interfacial diffusion of ions by 10(3)-10(7) times in magnitude. We finally achieved stable and efficient perovskite solar modules with an area of 36 cm(2) retaining over 95% of their initial efficiency of over 15% after 1,000 h of heating at 85 degrees C, and 91% after light soaking in AM 1.5 G solar light for 1,000 h, respectively. Our findings provide an effective strategy to realize operationally stable and efficient perovskite solar cell modules