Individual differences in zoo-housed squirrel monkeys’ (<i>Saimiri sciureus</i>) reactions to visitors, research participation, and personality ratings

Understanding individual differences in captive squirrel monkeys is a topic of importance both for improving welfare by catering to individual needs, and for better understanding the results and implications of behavioral research. In this study, 23 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), housed in an environment that is both a zoo enclosure and research facility, were assessed for (i) the time they spent by an observation window under three visitor conditions: no visitors, small groups, and large groups, and (ii) their likelihood of participating in voluntary research, and (iii) zookeepers ratings of personality. A Friedman’s ANOVA and Wilcoxon post-hoc tests comparing mean times found that the monkeys spent more time by the window when there were large groups present than when there were small groups or no visitors. Thus, visitors do not seem to have a negative effect and may be enriching for certain individuals. Through GLMM and correlational analyses, it was found that high scores on the personality trait of playfulness and low scores on cautiousness, depression, and solitude were significant predictors of increased window approach behavior when visitors were present. The GLMM and correlational analyses assessing the links between personality traits and research participation found that low scores of cautiousness and high scores of playfulness, gentleness, affection, and friendliness, were significant predictors. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to selection bias and its potential confounding effect on cognitive studies with voluntary participation

Karma and Ayurveda

Belief in the role of Karma explains a variety of Phenomena in India. For a traditional medical system such as Ayurveda, the conflict between simultaneously held beliefs in fatalism and the efficacy of medical interventions poses an interesting dilemma that the tradition has taken pains to consider. Caraka Samhita discusses the role of karma as a determinant of the qualities and personality of the individual, lifespan, etiology of illness, and otherwise personality of the individual, lifespan, etiology of illness, and otherwise incomprehensible epidemics. Such speculations produce practical solutions to the dilemma, and these solutions in turn enhance the medical doctrine

Psychopathology in the Early Aurvedic Texts (With Special Reference to Unmada)

The medical texts by Caraka and Susruta describe the symptoms, etiology, theory, treatment and prognosis of four types of mental disorders-unmada, bhutonmada, apasmara, and murcha. The present discussion is restricted to unmada-its theory, treatment and prognosis with an indication of the scope of analysis with reference to the Western psychiatric nosology

KARMA AND AYURVEDA*

Belief in the role of Karma explains a variety of Phenomena in India. For a traditional medical system such as Ayurveda, the conflict between simultaneously held beliefs in fatalism and the efficacy of medical interventions poses an interesting dilemma that the tradition has taken pains to consider. Caraka Samhita discusses the role of karma as a determinant of the qualities and personality of the individual, lifespan, etiology of illness, and otherwise personality of the individual, lifespan, etiology of illness, and otherwise incomprehensible epidemics. Such speculations produce practical solutions to the dilemma, and these solutions in turn enhance the medical doctrine

International Tax Competition: An Efficient or Inefficient Phenomenon?

This Article examines the legal and economic implications of this globalization phenomenon. Part I discusses the allocative effect an income tax system has on a particular country\u27s resources. This first part, while focusing only on domestic tax policy, is intended to throw some light on the international issues that are the central focus of this article. So with this background in mind, Part II turns to the international scene, analyzing the efficiency effect international integration is having on the world\u27s income tax systems in general and the U.S.\u27s income tax system in particular. Finally, Part III considers what the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has proposed be done about this harmful phenomenon and whether anything can or should be done about it

Puzzling subunits of mitochondrial cytochrome reductase

The ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex, like the other proton-pumping respiratory complexes of mitochondria, is an assembly of many different subunits. However, only a few of these subunits participate directly in the electron transfer and proton translocation. The roles of the other subunits are largely unknown. We discuss here some intriguing features of two of these subunits