Synthesen, Strukturen und Reaktivität von Imidazolyl- und Imidazol-boranen sowie von Diboryl- und Diboranyl(4)-porphyrinen

Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Darstellung und Strukturaufklärung makrocyklischer Imidazolylborane. Die Synthese erfolgt in hohen Ausbeuten über eine Cyclooligomerisierung von 1-Trimethylsilylimidazolen mit Halogenboranen unter hoher Verdünnung. Aus der Produktverteilung kann ein qualitativer Zusammenhang aus der bevorzugt gebildeten Ringgröße und den Substituenten in 4,5-Stellung der Imidazolringe sowie an den Boratomen abgeleitet werden. Im zweiten Teil wird die Synthese bor-, silicium- und kohlenstoffverbrückter, N-boran geschützter Bisimidazole als Vorstufen chelatisierender Dicarbenliganden beschrieben. Bis(3-boran-4,5-dimethyl-1-imidazolyl)methan wird in 2,2‘-Stellung zweifach zum dianionischen Dicarben deprotoniert, das mit Metallocendihalogeniden in die entsprechenden Titanocen- sowie Zirkonocendicarbenkomplexe überführt wird. Die Charakterisierung der Komplexe erfolgt durch Kristallstrukturanalyse. Inhalt des abschließenden Kapitels sind Umsetzungen von Porphyrinen mit Borhalogeniden (B2Cl4; BX3, X = F, Cl, Br, I). Durch die Reaktion von Dilithio-5,10,15,20-tetra-para-tolylporphyrin (Li2TTP) mit Dibortetrachlorid gelingt erstmals die Darstellung eines Porphyrins, das unter rechtwinkliger Verzerrung eine (Element)2-Einheit koordiniert (Cl2B2TTP). Die Chlorsubstituenten dieser Verbindung werden unter anderem durch nButylgruppen substituiert und können als Chloridionen abstrahiert werden. NMR-Daten und DFT-Berechnungen belegen, dass aus der reduktiven Eliminierung der Chloratome in Cl2B2TTP ein Diboranyl(4)-isophlorin resultiert, welches durch einen 20Pi-Perimeter antiaromatischen Charakter aufweist

Ein technisches Informationssystem zur verbesserten betrieblichen Überwachung des Kernkraftwerkes Saporoshje/Ukraine

In order to improve the operational surveillance of a VVER-1000 unit of the Ukrainian nuclear power plant Zaporosh´ye a technical monitoring system has been specified. The system will enable the state regulatory and supervisory bodies to survey the unit operation independently of operators to assess its safety status, and to impose appropriate conditions. Due to its up-to-date configuration the system provides early indication of any operational incident and emission of radioactive materials connected. Based on the system an immediate warning in mergency situations is possible as well as an effective emergency management. For this purpose 49 different operational parameters of the unit, 18 radiological parameters of the unit and the plant site and 6 meteorological parameters are monitored. The monitoring concept and its technical realization are described

The Kennicutt-Schmidt Star Formation Relation at z~2

Recent observations of excited CO emission lines from z~2 disc galaxies have shed light on the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation at high-z via observed SFR-CO (J=2-1) and (J=3-2) relations. Here, we describe a novel methodology for utilising these observations of high-excitation CO to derive the underlying Schmidt (SFR-rho^N) relationship. To do this requires an understanding of the potential effects of differential CO excitation with SFR. If the most heavily star-forming galaxies have a larger fraction of their gas in highly excited CO states than the lower SFR galaxies, then the observed molecular SFR-CO^alpha index, alpha, will be less than the underlying (volumetric) Schmidt index, N. Utilising a combination of SPH models of galaxy evolution and molecular line radiative transfer, we present the first calculations of CO excitation in z~2 disc galaxies with the aim of developing a mapping between various observed SFR-CO relationships and the underlying Schmidt relation. We find that even in relatively luminous z~2 discs, differential excitation does indeed exist, resulting in alpha < N for highly excited CO lines. This means that an observed (e.g.) SFR-CO (J=3-2) relation does not map linearly to SFR-H2 relation. We utilise our model results to provide a mapping from alpha to N for the range of Schmidt indices N=1-2. By comparing to recent observational surveys, we find that the observed SFR-CO (J=2-1) and SFR-CO (J=3-2) relations suggest that an underlying SFR rho^1.5 relation describes z~2 disc galaxies.Comment: Accepted by MNRAS, a few figure additions in response to referee repor

The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station

EXPOSE-R flew as the second of the European Space Agency (ESA) EXPOSE multi-user facilities on the International Space Station. During the mission on the external URM-D platform of the Zvezda service module, samples of eight international astrobiology experiments selected by ESA and one Russian guest experiment were exposed to low Earth orbit space parameters from March 10th, 2009 to January 21st, 2011. EXPOSE-R accommodated a total of 1220 samples for exposure to selected space conditions and combinations, including space vacuum, temperature cycles through 273K, cosmic radiation, solar electromagnetic radiation at >110, >170 or >200nm at various fluences up to GJm−2. Samples ranged from chemical compounds via unicellular organisms and multicellular mosquito larvae and seeds to passive radiation dosimeters. Additionally, one active radiation measurement instrument was accommodated on EXPOSE-R and commanded from ground in accordance with the facility itself. Data on ultraviolet radiation, cosmic radiation and temperature were measured every 10s and downlinked by telemetry and data carrier every few months. The EXPOSE-R trays and samples returned to Earth on March 9th, 2011 with Shuttle flight, Space Transportation System (STS)-133/ULF 5, Discovery, after successful total mission duration of 27 months in space. The samples were analysed in the individual investigators laboratories. A parallel Mission Ground Reference experiment was performed on ground with a parallel set of hardware and samples under simulated space conditions following to the data transmitted from the flight missio

The Space Suppliers And Manufacturer Database to Support Concurrent Engineering Sessions at DLR

Concurrent Engineering is a modern and effective discipline of the systems engineering process. During Concurrent Engineering sessions, an interdisciplinary team negotiates optimal configurations of the intended space system. The Space Suppliers And Manufacturers (SSAM) database was created with the goal to support engineers during the design process. The CE engineer can search through SSAM by using an interface to specify the right subsystem or component resulting in a list of companies with each listing including the company profile as well as available product sheets. The Java based system consists of seven main subsystem categories (e.g. structure, power, thermal, etc.) and 61 component categories (e.g. batteries, solar cells, reaction wheels, patch antennas, etc.). Over 200 companies are currently listed with over thousands of different products related to space industry. Long-term scope of SSAM is the active involvement of the space industry (the supplier side). Here, the companies shall be animated to maintain their product portfolio via an online portal and add new products once they are introduced to the market. So CE engineers and project teams have always the latest update on the available subsystems and products

Going virtual: finding new ways to engage higher education students in a participatory project about science

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copy edited version of a chapter published in Research in the age of COVID: Vol. 1, Response and Reassessment. Details of the definitive published version and how to purchase it are available online at: https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/researching-in-the-age-of-covid-1The COVID-19 pandemic threw into disarray almost all spheres of human activity. Research is no exception. When labs and research centres closed, scientists were told to stay at home, scientific events were cancelled or postponed to an uncertain date, most scientific projects had to be put on hold or modified substantially. This chapter concerns the adjustments and adaptations that had to be made in one such project, PERSIST_EU, an international project aimed at bringing together European university students through the organisation of participatory events in five cities. The participation of students should provide needed insights about knowledge, perceptions and opinion on science, and how these can be changed by engaging and discussing controversial scientific topics.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Ein technisches Informationssystem zur verbesserten betrieblichen Überwachung des Kernkraftwerkes Saporoshje/Ukraine

In order to improve the operational surveillance of a VVER-1000 unit of the Ukrainian nuclear power plant Zaporosh´ye a technical monitoring system has been specified. The system will enable the state regulatory and supervisory bodies to survey the unit operation independently of operators to assess its safety status, and to impose appropriate conditions. Due to its up-to-date configuration the system provides early indication of any operational incident and emission of radioactive materials connected. Based on the system an immediate warning in mergency situations is possible as well as an effective emergency management. For this purpose 49 different operational parameters of the unit, 18 radiological parameters of the unit and the plant site and 6 meteorological parameters are monitored. The monitoring concept and its technical realization are described

Exposure Traced in Daily Life: Improvements in Ecologically Assessed Social and Physical Activity following Exposure-Based CBT for Anxiety Disorders

Background. Although exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders has frequently been proven effective, only few studies examined whether it improves everyday behavioral outcomes such as social and physical activity. Methods. 126 participants (85 patients with panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, or specific phobias, and 41 controls without mental disorders) completed smartphone-based ambulatory ratings (activities, social interactions, mood, physical symptoms) and motion sensor-based indices of physical activity (steps, time spent moving, metabolic activity) at baseline, during, and after exposure-based treatment. Results. Prior to treatment, patients showed reduced mood and physical activity relative to healthy controls. Over the course of therapy, mood ratings, interactions with strangers and indices of physical activity improved, while reported physical symptoms decreased. Overall results did not differ between patients with primary panic disorder/agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder. Higher depression scores at baseline were associated with larger changes in reported symptoms and mood ratings, but smaller changes in physical activity. Conclusions. Exposure-based treatment initiates increased physical activity, more frequent interaction with strangers, and improvements in everyday mood. The current approach provides objective and fine-graded process and outcome measures that may help to further improve treatments and possibly reduce relapse

Ein technisches Informationssystem zur verbesserten betrieblichen Überwachung des Kernkraftwerkes Saporoshje/Ukraine

In order to improve the operational surveillance of a VVER-1000 unit of the Ukrainian nuclear power plant Zaporosh´ye a technical monitoring system has been specified. The system will enable the state regulatory and supervisory bodies to survey the unit operation independently of operators to assess its safety status, and to impose appropriate conditions. Due to its up-to-date configuration the system provides early indication of any operational incident and emission of radioactive materials connected. Based on the system an immediate warning in mergency situations is possible as well as an effective emergency management. For this purpose 49 different operational parameters of the unit, 18 radiological parameters of the unit and the plant site and 6 meteorological parameters are monitored. The monitoring concept and its technical realization are described

Male characteristics as predictors of genital color and display variation in vervet monkeys

In the animal kingdom, conspicuous colors are often used for inter- and intra-sexual communication. Even though primates are the most colorful mammalian taxon, many questions, including what potential information color signals communicate to social partners, are not fully understood. Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) are ideal to examine the covariates of color signals. Males have multi-colored genitals, which they present during distinctive male-male interactions, known as the “Red-White-and-Blue” (RWB) display, but the genitals are also visible across a variety of other contexts, and it is unclear what this color display signals to recipients. We recorded genital color presentations and standardized digital photos of male genitals (N = 405 photos) over one mating season for 20 adult males in three groups at the Samara Private Game Reserve, South Africa. We combined these with data on male characteristics (dominance, age, tenure length, injuries, and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations). Using visual modeling methods, we measured single colors (red, white, blue) but also the contrasts between colors. We assessed the frequency of the RWB genital display and male variation in genital coloration and linked this to male characteristics. Our data suggest that the number of genital displays increased with male dominance. However, none of the variables investigated explained the inter- and intra-individual variation in male genital coloration. These results suggest that the frequency of the RWB genital display, but not its color value, is related to dominance, providing valuable insights on covariation in color signals and their display in primates.Open access funding provided by Projekt DEAL. Our research was funded by the Leipzig University (to AW), the Erasmus+ (Erasmus Mundus Action 2–EUROSA), the Evangelisches Studienwerk Villigst e.V., and the State Postgraduate Scholarships of the Free State of Saxony (all granted to MY).http://link.springer.com/journal/265hj2020Anatomy and PhysiologyCentre for Veterinary Wildlife StudiesMammal Research InstituteZoology and Entomolog