Linguistic Diversity as Resource: A Multilevel Approach to Building Awareness in First-Year Writing Programs (and Beyond)

Drawing on research in systems theory and their own programmatic efforts to recognize, value, and integrate language differences in first-year composition, the authors argue for a multilevel approach for sustainable and systemic change to occur. Multilevel work functions to identify points of leverage for enacting language rights in institutional settings

A Holistic Approach to Estimating the Influence of Good Practices on Student Outcomes at Liberal Arts and non-Liberal Arts Institutions

Many higher education administrators and researchers have considered certain “good practices” of institutions as an instrumental way to improve student outcomes. Chickering and Gamson’s (1987) seven principles of good practice has been particularly salient in defining these practices. Often, prior studies only select some of the seven principles for their analysis. Even studies that consider several principles of good practice on student outcomes typically examine the net effect of each principle instead of assessing how these principles holistically influence student out-comes. Using structural equation modeling, we test a basic conceptual framework where we in-vestigate the contribution of the seven principles on a global measure of good practices (GP), as well as the influence of GP on a multitude of student outcomes. We further test whether liberal arts colleges promote an institutional ethos of good practices as compared to non-liberal arts col-leges. Overall, the majority (but not all) of the principles affect GP. Moreover, we find partial evidence that liberal arts colleges foster an institutional ethos of good practices. Although a commitment to foster good practices may create a supportive environment that influences student outcomes, this commitment may lead to unintended consequences for those with little exposure to these good practices

Future Models of Space Traffic Management

With the entrance of more actors into the space domain, space has become increasingly challenged to maintain a stable, predictable environment while it adapts to change. Because of this, the discussion of the future of space traffic management (STM) regimes becomes ever more important. STM is at a turning point, both domestically and internationally, so it is crucial to examine different options for future STM regimes, how current trends compare with the scenarios, implications for governments and commercial operators, and policy considerations

The Importance of the United Nations Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities and Other International Initiatives to Promote Space Sustainability

The long-term sustainability of space activities is an emerging issue to which actors in the global space community –including governments, agencies, and industry– are devoting increasing amounts of attention and resources. Considering the sustainability of space activities involves taking into account the present population of space debris, the size of the debris population in the most commonly-used Earth orbits in the future, and the possibility of collision events between objects in space. Addressing space debris and other threats to space sustainability involves both technological and political solutions. The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (copuos) has led a major effort to define such solutions and has established a working group tasked with the development of non-binding long-term sustainability (lts) guidelines. This article includes an overview of the concept of space sustainability, a discussion of the need, development, and current status of the lts guidelines, as well as an analysis of some of the guidelines themselves. It concludes with a broader discussion of space as an area without state sovereignty – one of the key aspects that have influenced the development of non-binding measures to address the space sustainability challenge. In this context, and given the governance questions that arise from the interaction between states and non-state actors in this domain, this discussion should be of interest to international relations scholars and practitioners.

The Importance of the United Nations Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities and Other International Initiatives to Promote Space Sustainability

The long-term sustainability of space activities is an emerging issue to which actors in the global space community –including governments, agencies, and industry– are devoting increasing amounts of attention and resources. Considering the sustainability of space activities involves taking into account the present population of space debris, the size of the debris population in the most commonly-used Earth orbits in the future, and the possibility of collision events between objects in space. Addressing space debris and other threats to space sustainability involves both technological and political solutions. The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (copuos) has led a major effort to define such solutions and has established a working group tasked with the development of non-binding long-term sustainability (lts) guidelines. This article includes an overview of the concept of space sustainability, a discussion of the need, development, and current status of the lts guidelines, as well as an analysis of some of the guidelines themselves. It concludes with a broader discussion of space as an area without state sovereignty – one of the key aspects that have influenced the development of non-binding measures to address the space sustainability challenge. In this context, and given the governance questions that arise from the interaction between states and non-state actors in this domain, this discussion should be of interest to international relations scholars and practitioners.

The Suzuki Reaction in Aqueous Media Promoted by P, N Ligands

The synthesis and structure of palladium complexes of trisubstituted PTA derivatives, PTAR3, are described. Water-soluble phosphine ligands 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadmantane (PTA), tris(aminomethyl)phosphine trihydrobromide, tri(aminomethyl) phosphine, 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-triaza-3-phosphabicyclo[3,3,1]nonane (RO-PTA), 3,7-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DAPTA), lithium 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-6-carboxylate (PTA-CO2Li), 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo [3.3.1.1]decane, and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1]decane were used as ligands for palladium catalyzed Suzuki reactions in aqueous media. RO-PTA in combination with palladium acetate or palladium chloride was the most active catalyst for Suzuki cross coupling of aryl bromides and phenylboronic acid at 80 °C in 1:1 water:acetonitrile. The activity of Pd(II) complexes of RO-PTA is comparable to PPh2(m-C6H4SO3Na) (TPPMS) and P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3 (TPPTS) and less active than tri(4,6-dimethyl-3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine trisodium salt (TXPTS). Activated, deactivated, and sterically hindered aryl bromides were examined, with yields ranging from 50% to 90% in 6 h with 5% palladium precatalyst loading. X-ray crystal structures of (RO-PTA)PdCl2, (PTAR3)2PdCl2 (R = Ph, p-tert-butylC6H5), and PTAR3 (R = p-tert-butylC6H5) are reported

The Suzuki Reaction in Aqueous Media Promoted by P, N Ligands

The synthesis and structure of palladium complexes of trisubstituted PTA derivatives, PTAR3, are described. Water-soluble phosphine ligands 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadmantane (PTA), tris(aminomethyl)phosphine trihydrobromide, tri(aminomethyl) phosphine, 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-triaza-3-phosphabicyclo[3,3,1]nonane (RO-PTA), 3,7-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DAPTA), lithium 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-6-carboxylate (PTA-CO2Li), 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo [3.3.1.1]decane, and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1]decane were used as ligands for palladium catalyzed Suzuki reactions in aqueous media. RO-PTA in combination with palladium acetate or palladium chloride was the most active catalyst for Suzuki cross coupling of aryl bromides and phenylboronic acid at 80 °C in 1:1 water:acetonitrile. The activity of Pd(II) complexes of RO-PTA is comparable to PPh2(m-C6H4SO3Na) (TPPMS) and P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3 (TPPTS) and less active than tri(4,6-dimethyl-3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine trisodium salt (TXPTS). Activated, deactivated, and sterically hindered aryl bromides were examined, with yields ranging from 50% to 90% in 6 h with 5% palladium precatalyst loading. X-ray crystal structures of (RO-PTA)PdCl2, (PTAR3)2PdCl2 (R = Ph, p-tert-butylC6H5), and PTAR3 (R = p-tert-butylC6H5) are reported