Tailored Success: Disability and the Possibility of Being Successful.

The article addresses the issue of success in the context of people with disabilities. Attention was paid to the specific nature of the concept; starting with the definition, attempts were made to point out that success, being a certain “objective” construct, has a definitely individual character and should be considered as such. This individual dimension designates not only the interpretative framework determining its achievement, but also draws attention to the fact that success may have many faces. There is a need for achievement in every person, a completed challenge gives a sense of happiness, and this, according to many, is the real measure of success.The article addresses the issue of success in the context of people with disabilities. Attention was paid to the specific nature of the concept; starting with the definition, attempts were made to point out that success, being a certain “objective” construct, has a definitely individual character and should be considered as such. This individual dimension designates not only the interpretative framework determining its achievement, but also draws attention to the fact that success may have many faces. There is a need for achievement in every person, a completed challenge gives a sense of happiness, and this, according to many, is the real measure of success

Comparison of the mechanisms of action of antidepressants and their side effects

Introduction: There are 4 groups of LPs divided according to the mechanism of action. They act on the brain by modulating monoaminergic systems, causing a series of side effects such as insomnia, sedation, anxiety, and a problem of a sexual nature. By appropriately selecting the drug and its dose, the negative effects of the therapy can be avoided.Aim : Comparison of the mode of action of a drug from a given group of antidepressants and description of its side effects.State of knowledge : An example from the first group of drugs with a receptor mechanism of action is trazodone - it acts on many receptors. The combined effect of the drug on all three receptors will significantly improve sleep in all its phases. It is as effective a drug as TLPD, and due to the lack of anticholinergic and cardiotoxic effects, it has a better tolerance and safety profile. It works quickly and improves sleep parameters, which is responsible for faster improvement of the patient's mental state. An example of a drug from the second group of drugs with a different mechanism of action is agomelatine. It is a synthetic analog of melatonin. The simultaneous agonist action on one receptors and antagonist action on the other causes a number of changes in the CNS, which are responsible for the antidepressant effect. The effects of the treatment can be seen after 2 weeks of use. The drug of the third groupneurotransmitter reuptake inhibitorsthere is bupropion. It intensifies the dopaminergic transmission. It does not disturb the sexual sphere, but increases insomnia as a side effect.Summary : By selecting the appropriate LP and its dose, side effects can be avoided

Expectations towards the Morality of Robots: An Overview of Empirical Studies

The main objective of this paper is to discuss people’s expectations towards social robots’ moral attitudes. Conclusions are based on the results of three selected empirical studies which used stories of robots (and humans) acting in hypothetical scenarios to assess the moral acceptance of their attitudes. The analysis indicates both the differences and similarities in expectations towards the robot and human attitudes. Decisions to remove someone’s autonomy are less acceptable from robots than from humans. In certain circumstances, the protection of a human’s life is considered more morally right than the protection of the robot’s being. Robots are also more strongly expected to make utilitarian choices than human agents. However, there are situations in which people make consequentialist moral judgements when evaluating both the human and the robot decisions. Both robots and humans receive a similar overall amount of blame. Furthermore, it can be concluded that robots should protect their existence and obey people, but in some situations, they should be able to hurt a human being. Differences in results can be partially explained by the character of experimental tasks. The present findings might be of considerable use in implementing morality into robots and also in the legal evaluation of their behaviours and attitudes

Biocénose pélagique du lac oligomésotrophe de Poméranie (Pologne) : étude des communautés de la boucle mocrobienne et du pytoplancton

Cette étude présente des résultats concernant l'abondance et la biomasse des principales communautés de la boucle microbienne (bactéries hétérotrophes, picoplancton autotrophe, flagellés hétérotrophes, protistes ciliés) et des nano- et microalgues dans le grand (525 ha) et profond (48 m) lac oligomésotrophe Bobifcigskie Wielkie situé en Poméranie de l'ouest (Pologne). Les échantillons d'eau ont été prélevés en zone pélagique, en 1996. Dans la classe de taille du picoplancton, ce sont les bactéries hétérotrophes qui constituent le groupe trophique le plus abondant. Leur biomasse couplée à celle du picoplancton autotrophe beaucoup moins abondant (de 3,5 à 5,4 µg·C·L-1), constituait de 15 % à 22 % de la biomasse microbienne totale. La biomasse des protistes flagellés hétérotrophes et celle des protistes ciliés étaient proches (3,0-3,8 µg·C·L-1) et constituaient, en fonction de la profondeur de prélèvement, de 8 % à 24 % de la biomasse totale. Le phytoplancton de taille supérieure à 2,0 µm représentait la plus grande partie de la biomasse totale, à savoir de 50 % à 78 % (8,4-27,5 µg·C·L-1). Il était dominé, en ce qui concerne la taille des organismes, par le microplancton. Dans les couches supérieures du lac, les diatomées et les cryptophycées étaient les plus nombreuses, alors qu'en profondeur c'était les cyanobactéries filamenteuses du genre Planktothrix qui étaient les plus abondantes.This study presents results of investigations on abundance and biomass of the main communities of the microbial loop (heterotrophic bacteria, autotrophic picoplankton, heterotrophic flagellates, ciliated protozoa) as well as nano- and microalgae in the large (525 ha) and deep (48 m) oligo-mesotrophic lake Bobifcigskie Wielkie located in West Pomerania, Poland. Samples were taken from the pelagial zone in 1996. Within organisms of picoplankton size the heterotrophic bacteria were the most abundant trophic group. Their biomass, together with the much lower abundant autotrophic picoplankton (3.5 to 5.4 µg·C L-1), constituted 15% to 22% of the total microbial biomass. The sum of biomasses of heterotrophic flagellates and ciliated protozoa was similar at all depth (3.0-3.8 µg·C·L-1), ranging between 8-24% of total biomass. Phytoplankton organisms larger than 2.0 µm represented the biggest part of the total microbial biomass, i.e. from 50% to 78% (8.4-27.5 µg·C·L-1). The microplankton constitutes the largest part of the phytoplanktonic biomass. Whereas the diatoms and cryptomonads were the most abundant in the upper layers of the lake. The filamentous cyanobacteria of the genus Planktothrix dominated in the deeper waters

Genetic view on intelligence and its heredity

Introduction: Intelligence is a term that has aroused human curiosity for hundreds of years. Many researchers have tried to define its definition, but have not yet succeeded in creating a single definition. Its genetic background has been the subject of much scientific researches in recent times. Aim: Research on twins and their parents allowed scientists to prove the influence of genes on cognitive processes and discover the fact that the level of intelligence depends on genetic factors. State of knowledge: It is also known, however, that there is a phenomenon of regression to the average, which means that a couple with high intellectual abilities on average have offspring with a lower level of intellect than the parents themselves. Intelligence genes are genes of the dopaminergic system such as DRD2, DRD4, SLC6A3, CCKAR, adrenergic e.g. ADRB2 and neurotrophin genes, i.e. BDNF and also those whose products cooperate in combating free radicals - LTF and PRNP. Gene polymorphisms, i.e. differences in DNA among populations, play an important role in shaping the level of intelligence. Depending on the presence of polymorphisms, some IQ genes decrease or increase. Research is still underway to discover further differences in DNA intelligence levels modulation. Many of them show to have a beneficial relationship with intelligence. For example, the cD.957C> T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene if thymine was at the polymorphic site, the ADRB2 c.46A> G gene if guanine and BDNF were present when guanine was at c.472G> A position. Conclusions: The obtained results prove that intelligence is a complex trait, which is influenced by genetic and environmental factors

Misinformation – Foreign Language Teaching Problems Resulting from the Perception of Reality and Communication Culture

This paper discusses the problems connected with mistranslation of idioms, emotionally marked expressions and false cognates. The purpose of the paper is to present the main foundations of misinformation and communication noise which result from the fact that foreign language learners are unaware of (i) the existence of false cognates, and (ii) thedifferences between the literal meaning and the implied one as far as emotionally marked expressions and idioms are concerned. It often causes communication breakdowns and equivalence deficiency in interlingual communication. The authors give examples of such idioms, emotionally marked expressions and false cognates and discuss the communicative aspects connected with such misinformation. Finally, the paper includes the suggestions of techniques which may be used by foreign language teachers in order to make the language learners aware of those problems. What follows at the end of the paper is a collection of four activities for English learners which are designed to teach them how to distinguish those problematic words and expressions and to make them understand the impact of communication noise on the messages produced by them

Distribution du picoplancton autotrophe dans la zone pélagique d'un lac méromictique (Lac Czane, Pologne)

La composition, l'abondance et la biomasse de la communauté du picoplancton autotrophe (PPA, 0,2-2 m) ont été examinées dans un lac situé en Pologne et récemment considéré comme méromictique, le lac Czarne. Les échantillons d'eau ont été prélevés tous les mètres dans la colonne d'eau, en mars et en juillet 1998. Pendant ces deux dates, le PPA se caractérisait par des changements significatifs de densité dans la colonne d'eau. Au printemps, l'abondance la plus forte a été observée à 9 m (2,1·105 cellules·mL-1) tandis qu'en été elle est observée à 5 m (3,1·105 cellules·mL-1). À toutes les profondeurs, le PPA était dominé par des Cyanobactéries. Au printemps, dominent les cellules libres de picocyanobactéries, contrairement à l'été où les cellules coloniales étaient prépondérantes. La contribution des cellules eucaryotes était faible en termes d'abondance (10 µg C·L-1 were recorded to the depth of 14 m, while during the second session biomass clearly concentrated in the upper part of the water column, to a depth of 7 m. Within PPA, usually Pcy dominated in terms of biomass. In March their contribution to the total PPA biomass varied from 35% to 88% (mean: 67%) and in July from 65% to 100% (mean: 88%). PEA biomass was higher in March than in July and mean values were respectively 3.0 µg C·L-1 and 0.3 µg C·L-1, accounting for 33% and 12% of the total PPA biomass. In July, PAE biomass was everywhere lower than Pcy biomass. In contrast, in March, PAE biomass exceeded Pcy biomass at some depths in the lower part of the water column. The contribution of PAE to the total PPA biomass was higher than to the total PPA abundance, especially in March, when PAE were the most numerous. Generally, the contribution of eukaryotic cells was smaller in terms of abundance and much higher in terms of biomass, because of the larger mean size of cells

Latin Maxims and Expressions in English, Estonian and Polish Legal Language in the Aspect of Translation

This paper discusses the history of Latin maxims and expressions in English, Estonian and Polish legal languages and the influence of Latin on contemporary legal language and its translation. A number of maxims and expressions were examined by comparing their present meanings in those three legal systems. A selection of fifteen of them is presented in the article, namely: ab intestato, corpus iuris civilis, error iuris, fraus est celerem fraudem, ignorantia iuris neminem excusat, impossibilium nulla est obligatio, inter arma silent leges, ipso iure, lex non scripta, pacta sunt servanda, qui tacet – consentire videtur, restitutio in integrum,m sub iudice, and summum ius summa iniuria. The term Actio Pauliana which is used in the bankruptcy law is used here to show how translators may use Latin terms in order to find proper translation equivalents. Finally, the authors point out the differences in pronunciation and spelling of Latin maxims and expressions in English, Estonian and Polish

Polsko-estońsko-angielski elektroniczny słownik tematyczny

PROJEKT BADAWCZY: Polsko-estońsko-angielski elektroniczny słownik tematyczny Uniwersytet im. A. Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Kierownik projektu: prof. dr hab. Jerzy Bańczerowski KBN: 1 H01D 038 2

The Cooperative Board Game THREE. A Test Field for Experimenting with Moral Dilemmas of Human-Robot Interaction

The paper describes the cooperative board game entitled THREE. The game is inspired by the Three Laws of Robotics. We show how this game may be used as an environment for exploring the ethical problems arising from human-robot interaction. We present the idea behind the game, discuss its cooperativeness and analyze the dilemmas encountered by players during the gameplay. We also present and discuss the results of the game evaluation