East African pholcid spiders: an overview, with descriptions of eight new species (Araneae, Pholcidae)

This paper summarizes current knowledge about East African pholcids. East Africa is defined as the area from 12°S to 5°N and from 28° to 42°E, including all of Uganda, Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. An annotated list of the 15 genera and 87 species recorded from this area is given, together with distribution maps and an identification key to genera. Most East African species (90%) belong to one of only six genera: Buitinga Huber, 2003 (21 species); Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (18); Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 (17); Spermophora Hentz, 1841 (12); Leptopholcus Simon, 1893 (5) and Quamtana Huber, 2003 (4). Eight species for which DNA sequence data have been published recently are newly described: Buitinga batwa sp. nov., B. wataita sp. nov., Spermophora mau sp. nov., S. maathaiae sp. nov., S. bukusu sp. nov., S. kirinyaga sp. nov., S. kyambura sp. nov. and Quamtana nyahururu sp. nov. Crossopriza johncloudsleyi Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001, previously only known from Yemen, is redescribed based on specimens from Kenya. Additional new records are given for 21 previously described species

Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from black cotton soil habitats of a highland savanna biome in Laikipia, central Kenya

Spiders were sampled at Mpala Research Centre, Laikipia, Kenya using pitfall trapping and sweep netting. Sampling was conducted from May 2001 to July 2002. A total of 10,487 individuals from 132 species belonging to 30 families were recorded. The family Salticidae had the highest number of species (24), followed by Gnaphosidae (20), Araneidae and Lycosidae (15 each), Theridiidae and Thomisidae (8 each) and Zodariidae (4). Most of the other families had fewer than 4 species. Throughout the study period, species not previously sampled emerged after rainfall peaks. Many species are apparently undescribed, highlighting the inadequate documentation of these taxa in Kenya. We suggest that the spider fauna of black cotton soil habitats is rich and useful for environmental monitoring, that further surveys using other collecting methods are needed, and that support for the conservation of this ecosystem should be continued. The study once more reveals the urgent need for taxonomic studies on Kenyan invertebrates

An expert-curated global database of online newspaper articles on spiders and spider bites

Mass media plays an important role in the construction and circulation of risk perception associated with animals. Widely feared groups such as spiders frequently end up in the spotlight of traditional and social media. We compiled an expert-curated global database on the online newspaper coverage of human-spider encounters over the past ten years (2010-2020). This database includes information about the location of each human-spider encounter reported in the news article and a quantitative characterisation of the content-location, presence of photographs of spiders and bites, number and type of errors, consultation of experts, and a subjective assessment of sensationalism. In total, we collected 5348 unique news articles from 81 countries in 40 languages. The database refers to 211 identified and unidentified spider species and 2644 unique human-spider encounters (1121 bites and 147 as deadly bites). To facilitate data reuse, we explain the main caveats that need to be made when analysing this database and discuss research ideas and questions that can be explored with it.Peer reviewe

The global spread of misinformation on spiders

Non peer reviewe

An expert-curated global database of online newspaper articles on spiders and spider bites

Mass media plays an important role in the construction and circulation of risk perception associated with animals. Widely feared groups such as spiders frequently end up in the spotlight of traditional and social media. We compiled an expert-curated global database on the online newspaper coverage of human-spider encounters over the past ten years (2010–2020). This database includes information about the location of each human-spider encounter reported in the news article and a quantitative characterisation of the content—location, presence of photographs of spiders and bites, number and type of errors, consultation of experts, and a subjective assessment of sensationalism. In total, we collected 5348 unique news articles from 81 countries in 40 languages. The database refers to 211 identified and unidentified spider species and 2644 unique human-spider encounters (1121 bites and 147 as deadly bites). To facilitate data reuse, we explain the main caveats that need to be made when analysing this database and discuss research ideas and questions that can be explored with it. </p

The global spread of misinformation on spiders

In the internet era, the digital architecture that keeps us connected and informed may also amplify the spread of misinformation. This problem is gaining global attention, as evidence accumulates that misinformation may interfere with democratic processes and undermine collective responses to environmental and health crises. In an increasingly polluted information ecosystem, understanding the factors underlying the generation and spread of misinformation is becoming a pressing scientific and societal challenge. Here, we studied the global spread of (mis-)information on spiders using a high-resolution global database of online newspaper articles on spider–human interactions, covering stories of spider–human encounters and biting events published from 2010–2020. We found that 47% of articles contained errors and 43% were sensationalist. Moreover, we show that the flow of spider-related news occurs within a highly interconnected global network and provide evidence that sensationalism is a key factor underlying the spread of misinformation. </p

Diversity, Species Composition And Some Ecological Aspects Of Terrestrial Molluscs In Mount Kenya National Park - Kenya

This study was done between November 1996 and July 1997 and sought to establish the species composition of terrestrial molluscs in Mt. Kenya National Park. The study also sought to investigate the effect of soil pH, soil moisture, amount of soil calcium, altitude and litter moisture on the abundance and diversity of terrestrial molluscs. Three methods; namely direct searches for fixed lengths of time, direct searches over a defined area and indirect search (litter and soil sieving methods) were used to carry out the study. Data was collected from randomly selected plots located on four different transects. These transects were located on four different sides of the mountain namely north, northwest, east and west. A total of 7479 individuals of molluscs from 15 families comprising of36 genera were recorded. There were 72 different species of molluscs recorded during this study out of which Rhachidina sp., Tayloria sp., Micomaizania sp. and Curvella sp. may become new records for the study area but only if identified to the species level and found to be so. Three species namely Vitrina baringoensis, Lauria desiderata and Punctum sp. were the most abundant with percentage abundance values of 25.7%, 11:5% and 9.2% respectively. Most of the other species had low percentage abundance values. The mollusc species composition qf Mt. Kenya National Park was found to resemble that of mountain forests of East Africa but differed slightly with that of lowland forests. In terms of number of species per unit area, Mt. Kenya National Park had fewer species compared with the lowland forests such as Kakamega and Arabuko Sokoke of Kenya. However, like other tropical forests, the mollusc fauna of Mt. Kenya National Park was found to be dominated by small-sized litter-dwelling mollusc species. The diversity and abundance of molluscs was found to be influenced by the amount of soil calcium and soil pH. Soil pH and calcium were also found to be directly correlated and tended to influence each other such that when one increased, the other also increased and vise versa. The soil had low pH values which were attributed to high organic matter content. Litter and soil moisture were found to be positively correlated such that when one increased or decreased, the other one followed the same trend. Both litter and soil moisture were found to be negatively correlated with abundance and diversity of molluscs. Vegetation was found to influence the abundance and diversity of molluscs. Plantation and xeromorphic forests recorded the highest abundance and diversity due to their high levels of soil calcium and pH while Ocotea forests recorded the lowest abundance and diversity levels due to low levels of soil calcium and pH in addition to habitat destruction by man. Diversity was found to negatively correlate with altitude with high altitude sites recording low diversity while low altitude sites recorded high diversity. Aspect was also found to have a significant effect on abundance and diversity. Transects located on similar aspect were found to have a similarity in mollusc species composition, abundance and diversity. In addition, the species composition, abundance and diversity of molluscs were found to differ where aspect differedUniversity of Nairob

An expert-curated global database of online newspaper articles on spiders and spider bites

Mass media plays an important role in the construction and circulation of risk perception associated with animals. Widely feared groups such as spiders frequently end up in the spotlight of traditional and social media. We compiled an expert-curated global database on the online newspaper coverage of human-spider encounters over the past ten years (2010– 2020). This database includes information about the location of each human-spider encounter reported in the news article and a quantitative characterisation of the content—location, presence of photographs of spiders and bites, number and type of errors, consultation of experts, and a subjective assessment of sensationalism. In total, we collected 5348 unique news articles from 81 countries in 40 languages. The database refers to 211 identifed and unidentifed spider species and 2644 unique human-spider encounters (1121 bites and 147 as deadly bites). To facilitate data reuse, we explain the main caveats that need to be made when analysing this database and discuss research ideas and questions that can be explored with i

East African pholcid spiders: an overview, with descriptions of eight new species (Araneae, Pholcidae)

This paper summarizes current knowledge about East African pholcids. East Africa is defined as the area from 12°S to 5°N and from 28° to 42°E, including all of Uganda, Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. An annotated list of the 15 genera and 87 species recorded from this area is given, together with distribution maps and an identification key to genera. Most East African species (90%) belong to one of only six genera: Buitinga Huber, 2003 (21 species); Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (18); Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 (17); Spermophora Hentz, 1841 (12); Leptopholcus Simon, 1893 (5) and Quamtana Huber, 2003 (4). Eight species for which DNA sequence data have been published recently are newly described: Buitinga batwa sp. nov., B. wataita sp. nov., Spermophora mau sp. nov., S. maathaiae sp. nov., S. bukusu sp. nov., S. kirinyaga sp. nov., S. kyambura sp. nov. and Quamtana nyahururu sp. nov. Crossopriza johncloudsleyi Deeleman-Reinhold &amp; van Harten, 2001, previously only known from Yemen, is redescribed based on specimens from Kenya. Additional new records are given for 21 previously described species.</p

The global spread of misinformation on spiders

In the internet era, the digital architecture that keeps us connected and informed may also amplify the spread of misinformation. This problem is gaining global attention, as evidence accumulates that misinformation may interfere with democratic processes and undermine collective responses to environmental and health crises1,2. In an increasingly polluted information ecosystem, understanding the factors underlying the generation and spread of misinformation is becoming a pressing scientific and societal challenge3. Here, we studied the global spread of (mis-)information on spiders using a high-resolution global database of online newspaper articles on spider–human interactions, covering stories of spider–human encounters and biting events published from 2010–20204. We found that 47% of articles contained errors and 43% were sensationalist. Moreover, we show that the flow of spider-related news occurs within a highly interconnected global network and provide evidence that sensationalism is a key factor underlying the spread of misinformation