З історії озброєння козацького війська першої половини 18 ст.

В низці реформ, які спіткали у 18 ст. військо гетьманського регіменту, та їхня невелика частина, котра стосувалася озброєння є чи не найменше відомою не тільки широкому загалу істориків, але й вузьким спеціалістам з періоду. Перші спроби прищеплення козакам “регулярства” ще з часів Петра І були спрямовані головним чином, на впровадження адміністративних і організаційних новацій, впорядкування фінансування й забезпечення при одночасному нехтуванні власне озброєнням і бойовою підготовкою війська. Втім, саме вони після Північної війни і “Низових” походів, які виявили всі недоліки, притаманні становій організації збройних сил, дуже гостро поставили питання боєздатності козацьких полків. Наріжною проблемою була якість озброєння реєстрових козаків. Як відомо, для цієї частини гетьманського війська традиційно не існувало жодних регламентацій, що б визначали види й перелік озброєння, термін його служби, навчання застосування тощо. Виняток становили лише наймані формування, забезпечення яких вогнепальною й деякими іншими видами зброї, а також боєприпасами, перебрала на себе держава [1]. На початку 18 ст. комплекс озброєння лівобережного козацтва загалом мало чим відрізнявся від попереднього століття, складаючись з традиційних піки, шаблі, різноманітних видів рушниць й іноді – пістолів і луків зі стрілами [2]. Кожен козак мусив власним коштом купувати необхідну йому амуніцію та зброю, вряди-годи дістаючи зі скарбу лише боєприпаси до неї. В умовах постійно прогресуючої майнової диференціації козацтва це призводило з одного боку до того, що частина збіднілого товариства взагалі не могла відбувати воєнну службу, а та, що була спроможною оплачувати спорядження, озброювалася відповідно не до воєнних потреб, а своїх матеріальних можливостей і бажання. Так, при підготовці кампанії 1707 р., Петро І наказував Мазепі виправити до діючої армії виборних козаків і компанійців, “которые б имели добрые кони и ружье”, дорікаючи за минулорічні бої в яких у козаків “почитай что ни у кого сабли не видали, кроме пищалей и сайдаков” [3]. Стан озброєності істотно погіршився ще й внаслідок поразок гетьманського війська у битвах зі шведами, виснажливих чергувань на форпостах і походів на Каспій. Годі й говорити, що за таких умов будь-яка уніфікація козацького озброєння була справою бажаною, але надзвичайно складною. Скарб Гетьманщини після численних реформ Малоросійської колегії й хронічної децентралізованості фінансового господарства навряд чи зміг би подужати проведення подібних заходів. Окрім того, в Україні практично не існувало ані необхідної сировинної бази, ані мережі зброярських підприємств мануфактурного типу, котрі б працювали на державне замовлення й могли б виконувати великі замовлення. Розвиток численних рудень Лівобережжя, котрі були зобовязані віддавати частину продукованого ними заліза на потребу війська, як відомо, не призвів до їх перетворення на металургійні заводи

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis with Seizures and Myocarditis: A Fatal Triad.

Autoimmune pathology of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is generally restricted to the brain. Our objective is to expand the phenotype of ADEM. A four-year-old girl was admitted to the pediatric emergency room of a university medical center five days after a common upper respiratory tract infection. Acute symptoms were fever, leg pain, and headaches. She developed meningeal signs, and her level of consciousness dropped rapidly. Epileptic seizure activity started, and she became comatose, requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. Serial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) illustrated the fulminant development of ADEM. Treatment escalation with high-dose corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and plasma exchange did not lead to clinical improvement. On day ten, the patient developed treatment-refractory cardiogenic shock and passed away. The postmortem assessment confirmed ADEM and revealed acute lymphocytic myocarditis, likely explaining the acute cardiac failure. Human metapneumovirus and picornavirus were detected in the tracheal secrete by PCR. Data sources-medical chart of the patient. This case is consistent with evidence from experimental findings of an association of ADEM with myocarditis as a postinfectious systemic autoimmune response, with life-threatening involvement of the brain and heart

Quantitative analysis by renormalized entropy of invasive electroencephalograph recordings in focal epilepsy

Invasive electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings of ten patients suffering from focal epilepsy were analyzed using the method of renormalized entropy. Introduced as a complexity measure for the different regimes of a dynamical system, the feature was tested here for its spatio-temporal behavior in epileptic seizures. In all patients a decrease of renormalized entropy within the ictal phase of seizure was found. Furthermore, the strength of this decrease is monotonically related to the distance of the recording location to the focus. The results suggest that the method of renormalized entropy is a useful procedure for clinical applications like seizure detection and localization of epileptic foci.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

High loading of polygenic risk for ADHD in children with comorbid aggression

Objective: Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not yet identified any common genetic variants that contribute to risk. There is evidence that aggression or conduct disorder in children with ADHD indexes higher genetic loading and clinical severity. The authors examine whether common genetic variants considered en masse as polygenic scores for ADHD are especially enriched in children with comorbid conduct disorder. Method: Polygenic scores derived from an ADHD GWAS meta-analysis were calculated in an independent ADHD sample (452 case subjects, 5,081 comparison subjects). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to compare polygenic scores in the ADHD and comparison groups and test for higher scores in ADHD case subjects with comorbid conduct disorder relative to comparison subjects and relative to those without comorbid conduct disorder. Association with symptom scores was tested using linear regression. Results: Polygenic risk for ADD, derived from the meta-analysis, was higher in the independent ADHD group than in the comparison group. Polygenic score was significantly higher in ADHD case subjects with conduct disorder relative to ADHD case subjects without conduct disorder. ADHD polygenic score showed significant association with comorbid conduct disorder symptoms. This relationship was explained by,the aggression items. Conclusions: Common genetic variation is relevant to ADHD, especially in individuals with comorbid aggression. The findings suggest that the previously published ADHD GWAS meta-analysis contains weak but true associations with common variants, support for which falls below genome-wide significance levels. The findings also highlight the fact that aggression in ADHD indexes genetic as well as clinical severity

Impact of Vitamin C on Endothelial Function and Exercise Capacity in Patients with a Fontan Circulation

Objective.  To evaluate the impact of antioxidant therapy on functional health status in Fontan‐palliated patients. Design.  Prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Patients.  Fifty‐three generally asymptomatic Fontan patients. Interventions.  Patients were randomized to receive either high‐dose ascorbic acid (vitamin C) or placebo for 4 weeks. Outcome Measures.  Peripheral vascular function, as measured with endothelium‐dependent digital pulse amplitude testing (EndoPAT), and exercise capacity were assessed before and after study drug treatment. Primary outcome measures included the EndoPAT index and peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) ratio, both validated markers of vascular function. Secondary outcome measures included peak oxygen consumption and work. Results.  Twenty‐three vitamin C‐ and 21 placebo‐assigned subjects completed the protocol (83%). Median age and time from Fontan completion were 15 (interquartile range [IQR] 11.7–18.2) and 11.9 years (IQR 9.0–15.7), respectively. Right ventricular morphology was dominant in 30 (57%). Outcome measures were similar between groups at baseline. Among all subjects, vitamin C therapy was not associated with a statistical improvement in either primary or secondary outcome measures. In subjects with abnormal vascular function at baseline, compared with placebo, vitamin C therapy more frequently resulted in normalization of the EndoPAT index (45% vs. 17%) and PAT ratio (38% vs. 13%). Conclusions.  Short‐term therapy with vitamin C does not alter endothelial function or exercise capacity in an asymptomatic Fontan population overall. Vitamin C may provide benefit to a subset of Fontan patients with abnormal vascular function.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92126/1/j.1747-0803.2011.00605.x.pd

Novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci implicated in epigenetic regulation

We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility in German cohorts with 4888 cases and 10,395 controls. In addition to associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, 15 non-MHC loci reached genome-wide significance. Four of these loci are novel MS susceptibility loci. They map to the genes L3MBTL3, MAZ, ERG, and SHMT1. The lead variant at SHMT1 was replicated in an independent Sardinian cohort. Products of the genes L3MBTL3, MAZ, and ERG play important roles in immune cell regulation. SHMT1 encodes a serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzing the transfer of a carbon unit to the folate cycle. This reaction is required for regulation of methylation homeostasis, which is important for establishment and maintenance of epigenetic signatures. Our GWAS approach in a defined population with limited genetic substructure detected associations not found in larger, more heterogeneous cohorts, thus providing new clues regarding MS pathogenesis

Protomers of Benzocaine: Solvent and Permittivity Dependence

The immediate environment of a molecule can have a profound influence on its properties. Benzocaine, the ethyl ester of para-aminobenzoic acid, which finds an application as a local anesthetic (LA), is found to adopt in its protonated form at least two populations of distinct structures in the gas phase and their relative intensities strongly depend on the properties of the solvent used in the electrospray ionization (ESI) process. Here we combine IR-vibrational spectroscopy with ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to yield gas-phase IR spectra of simultaneously m/z and drift-time resolved species of benzocaine. The results allow for an unambiguous identification of two protomeric species - the N- and O-protonated form. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations link these structures to the most stable solution and gas-phase structures, respectively, with the electric properties of the surrounding medium being the main determinant for the preferred protonation site. The fact that the N-protonated form of benzocaine can be found in the gas phase is owed to kinetic trapping of the solution phase structure during transfer into the experimental setup. These observations confirm earlier studies on similar molecules where N- and O-protonation has been suggested

The science of choice: an introduction

Introduction In October 2015, around 30 scholars convened at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR) in Rostock to discuss: (a) how individuals and families make decisions about marriage, child-birth, migration, retirement, and other transitions in the life course; and (b) how these decision processes can be operationalized in demographic models. The workshop was organized by the Scientific Panel on Microsimulation and Agent-Based Modelling con- vened by the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) and by MPIDR. The report of this ‘Science of choice’ workshop and the papers presented are available from the workshop’s website (see IUSSP 2015). The five papers included in this Supplement are revised versions of papers presented at the workshop in Rostock