På Liv og død. Strider det norske forbudet mot eutanasi mot retten til privatautonomi i EMK art. 8, eller må forbudet anses som en konkretisering av retten til liv i henhold til EMK art. 2

MasteroppgaveJUS399MAJUR-2MAJU

Einfluss von Baumarten auf Treibhausgasumsätze in verformten Waldböden

Trotz der Beschränkung von Fahrbewegungen auf Rückegassen, kommt es auf 10-20 % der deutschen Waldfläche zu bodenphysikalischen Veränderungen durch die vollmechanisierte Holzernte. Die daraus resultierende verringerte Bodenbelüftung kann CH4-Oxidationsraten verringern sowie N2O-Emissionen erhöhen. Auf drei seit 17 Jahren ungenutzten Rückegassen wurden Treibhausgasumsätze mithilfe monatlich stattfindender Kammermessungen über einen Zeitraum von einem Jahr bestimmt. In unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft wurden Fahrspu-ren in einem Buchenbestand (Fagus sylvatica), Fichtenbestand (Picea abies) und Schwarzer-lenbestand (Alnus glutinosa) untersucht. Schwarzerle wurde aufgrund ihres potentiellen po-sitiven Einflusses auf die Regeneration der Bodenstruktur miteinbezogen. Im Vergleich zur ungestörten Kontrolle wurde im Rückegassenbereich durchweg eine verringerte CH4-Aufnahme beobachtet. Trotz Indizien für eine verbesserte Bodenbelüftung in Form von hö-heren Gasdiffusionskoeffizienten unter Erle, unterschied sich die Methanoxidation nicht von der unter Buche und Fichte. Unterschiede in den N2O-Emissionsraten waren nur im unge-störten Bestand unter Erle ersichtlich, wo deutlich höhere N2O-Emissionen ab Herbst gemes-sen wurden. In den Strukturgestörten Bereichen aller Bestände waren für N2O keine Unter-schiede zwischen den Baumarten ersichtlich. Die Ergebnisse deuten an, dass die Pflanzung von Schwarzerlen auf Fahrspuren zu einer verbesserten Strukturregeneration geführt hat. Positive Auswirkungen des Regenerationseffekts auf die Flüsse klimarelevanter Spurengase wurden möglicherweise durch die Stickstoffakkumulation unter Erle konterkariert. Denkbar wäre eine Inhibition der Methanoxidation durch Ammonium sowie eine Förderung der für die N2O-Bildung verantwortlichen Prozesse Nitrifizierung und Denitrifizierung in Folge einer erhöhten Stickstoffverfügbarkeit

Do alternative resources dampen functional responses of native but not alien gammarids?

While aquatic invasive predators are among the most impactful trophic groups, we lack the understanding of whether alternative food resources mediate adverse predatory effects and stabilize native prey communities. Here, we use comparative functional responses to examine the influence of alternative food resources (Fucus sp.) on predator–prey interaction strengths from three gammarid crustaceans, with one native (Gammarus locusta) and two existing and emerging invasive (Gammarus tigrinus, Pontogammarus maeoticus, respectively) species, towards larval chironomid prey. All gammarids exhibited Type II functional responses, irrespective of the presence of alternative seaweed disks. Fucus sp. disks significantly reduced predation rates overall; however, significant reductions in maximum feeding rates (i.e., functional response magnitudes) were only evident in the native species and not for the two invaders. Our results thus may suggest that alternative resources dampen the predatory interaction strength of native but not invasive alien species, concerning these three study organisms. This potentially exacerbates the impacts of invasive predators relative to natives in diverse communities. Studies should increasingly consider alternative resources when quantifying ecological impacts of current and future invasive alien species compared with natives

Eignung von Erlen als wurzelaktive Baumart zur Regeneration von Bodenverdichtung sowie als aktive Armierung des Bodens gegenüber Schadverdichtung (Projekt BoReAl)

Aktuelle Konzepte zum Einsatz von Forstmaschinen sind darauf ausgerichtet, die hierbei entstehenden Bodenschäden auf Feinerschließungslinien zu konzentrieren. Um deren technische Befahrbarkeit sicherzustellen, konzentriert man sich bisher auf die Weiterentwicklung der Maschinentechnik. Im Verbundvorhaben BoReAl (Strategie zur aktiven Regeneration von Bodenverdichtung durch Forstmaschinen und zum vorsorgenden Bodenschutz: Bodenschutz – Regeneration – Alnus) sollen nun die biologische Armierung von Rückegassen und die aktive Regeneration von Verdichtungsfolgen durch wurzelaktive Baumarten (Alnus glutinosa und Alnus incana) untersucht werden. Gesamtziel ist die Ableitung von Empfehlungen zur Einbindung von aktiven Regenerationsmaßnahmen in bestehende Konzepte zum Maschineneinsatz auf Feinerschließungslinien. Folgenden Fragestellungen wird dabei nachgegangen: Wie groß ist das Potential der Baumarten Alnus glutinosa und Alnus incana im Hinblick auf die Unterstützung der natürlichen Regenerationsvorgänge? Hierbei wird auch die Kombination mit mechanischer Bodenbearbeitung und Kalkung bearbeitet. Wie ist der Einfluss von Erlen auf den Gashaushalt in befahrenen Waldböden ökologisch einzuschätzen? Hierbei stehen die Spurengase Methan(CH4) und Lachgas (N2O) im Vordergrund. Da die Erlenarten durch die Symbiose mit Actinomyceten in der Lage sind Luftstickstoff zu binden, ist insbesondere ein Einfluss auf die Stickstoffflüsse in der Gasphase zu erwarten. Des Weiteren untersuchen wir die bodenmechanische Armierungswirkung des Erlenwurzelwerkes bei der Befahrung und den Einfluss auf den Boden-Wasser- und Gashauhalt, um damit die Option eines vorsorgenden Schutzes vor Bodenschäden durch Pflanzung von Erlenstreifen schon bei der Begründung von Waldbeständen im Bereich der zukünftigen Rückelinien zu konkretisieren. Vorgestellt wird das Projekt sowie erste Ergebnisse

Improving trace metal characterisation of ore deposits through multi-modal, multi-scale, and multi-dimensional micro-analysis

The variety and amount of metals consumed by human society is ever increasing. Meeting the demand requires exploration for new ore deposits, efficient production of active mines, and improved efficiency in metal recycling. A key element in mining-related enterprises is the improvement of ore characterisation. The study of the geology and mineralogy of ore deposits allows us to infer the processes behind ore genesis. This knowledge guides important exploration and processing decisions. Over the last few decades, technological advancements have enabled ore characterisation at increasing levels of detail. This has brought the trace metal mineralogy of ore deposits into focus. In many cases, trace metals occur as extremely fine-grained minerals or as lattice-bound impurities in the more common minerals in ore deposits. Hence, their study requires the use of micro-analytical techniques. Trace metals and their minerals can carry crucial information on the conditions of ore formation. They can be of economic value, harmful to the environment, or of strategic economic and geopolitical interest (e.g. Critical Raw Materials). Trace metal characterisation is therefore highly relevant to research, industry, and society.  In this project, micro-analysis was performed on the Liikavaara Östra Cu-(W-Au) deposit in northern Sweden to research the trace metal mineralogy of Au, Ag, Bi, Mo, Re, and W. The main goal of the project was the development, optimisation, and integration of various micro-analytical techniques for ore characterisation. The project was subdivided into four studies (scientific contributions): (1) Drill core logging, whole-rock geochemistry, and light microscopy were applied to identify lithology, alteration, and mineralisation of the deposit. An intrusion in the footwall, potentially related to ore genesis, was dated with LA-ICP-MS. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry was used to gain insight into the trace metal mineralogy of the deposit. This study provided an overview of the geology and mineralogy of the deposit and served as a basis for sample selection and data interpretation of subsequent studies. (2) A polished thin section of the ore containing trace metal minerals was scanned by automated mineralogy (QEMSCAN) at Boliden AB to assess the potential of trace metal mineral quantification in a production-focused environment. To delineate instrument limitations from operator input the same sample was also scanned at Camborne School of Mines, UK. Detection of trace metal minerals was generally difficult due to their fine-grained nature. Yet, quantification could be improved by optimisation of the mineral classification library. (3) Four polished epoxy-mounted drill core pieces of ore were analysed by automated mineralogy (Mineralogic) and x-ray computed tomography (XCT). In two samples, a smaller region of interest was drilled and re-analysed at higher resolution. Results from automated mineralogy were used to segment and interpret the XCT data. Vice versa, XCT data provided 3D spatial context for the 2D scans. (4) Three polished thin section pieces with grains of molybdenite, pyrite, and native Bi, all with Au-inclusions, were analysed by synchrotron radiation x-ray fluorescence mapping at the NanoMAX beamline of the MAX IV synchrotron facility in Lund, Sweden. Element fluorescence maps down to 50 nm pixel size revealed the distribution of micro- and nano-inclusions and lattice-bound impurities in the mineral grains. The studies demonstrated benefits and challenges of the various micro-analytical techniques, and how and what they may contribute to ore characterisation. Results allowed linking and integrating the techniques into a smart analytical flow to optimise the characterisation of trace metal minerals in ore deposits. This is useful for both ore geology research and the mining industry.

Talentutvikling i juniorlangrenn for herrer : en treårig analyse av treningsutviklingen til en mannlig juniorløper i langrenn, sett i lys av; signifikante andres betydning, motivasjonelle faktorer og rammevilkår for langrennssatsing

Hensikten med denne analysen har vært å undersøke treningsutviklingen til en av Norges beste mannlige juniorløpere i langrenn, sett i lys av signifikante andres betydning, motivasjonelle forhold og rammebetingelser. Jeg har benyttet metodetriangulering for å kunne betrakte flere aspekter ved talentutviklingsprosessen. Oppgaven har analysert tre kalenderår av treningsarbeidet utøveren har gjennomført mens han konkurrerte i juniorklassen. Treningsperioden strekker seg fra 1. januar 2005 til 31. desember 2007. Videre har jeg gjennomført et lengre dybdeintervju med utøveren og deretter drøftet det kvantitative og kvalitative datamaterialet med referanse til litteratur jeg har funnet relevant for studien. Resultatene fra treningsanalysen og dybdeintervjuet kan ikke generaliseres, fordi jeg bare har undersøkt ett studieobjekt. Likevel mener jeg at resultatene kan være med på å generere verdifull informasjon

Improving trace metal characterisation of ore deposits – a crucial step towards sustainable mining

Sustainable mining, including the utilisation of an ore body to its full potential, is becoming increasingly important for human society as the demand for metals increases. In order to maximise the recovery of useful metals, detailed characterisation of the ore prior to processing is vital. Characterisation should include major and minor ore minerals, gangue minerals, and also trace metals. Trace metals despite their low abundance are often particularly important, either due to their high economic value and criticality for society, or their negative impact on the quality of the main commodity recovered and/or the environment. To properly characterise trace metals in an ore deposit the use of micro-analytical techniques is necessary. Nowadays, a plethora of techniques exist, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. In the mining industry, automated scanning electron microscopy systems are widely used. These systems allow for rapid mineralogical characterisation and quantification of a sample and are commonly used to quantify the mineralogy of the ore feed and subsequent products. Operators of these systems benefit from prior knowledge of the mineralogy of a sample/deposit to fine-tune their processing software to deliver data of highest quality. In this study, a method to improve trace metal characterisation in ore deposits with automated scanning electron microscopy systems is presented. It is implemented as a case study on the Liikavaara Cu-(W-Au) deposit in northern Sweden. The deposit is enriched in several trace metals including Au, Ag, Bi and Sn, and is planned for production in 2023. The mine will produce Cu as the main product and Au and Ag as by-products, and the processing of the ore will be performed in the nearby Aitik plant. For this study, a detailed geological and mineralogical investigation of the deposit was performed prior to analysis with the automated scanning electron microscopy system. A good understanding of the mineralogy is necessary to be able to select a representative sample for the subsequent automated analysis and to guarantee optimal data quality produced by the automated system, and to judge the performance of the automated system, to improve the method of analysis. Manuscript 1 deals with the geological description and genetic aspects of the Liikavaara ore deposit. Results indicate that Liikavaara is an intrusion-related vein-style deposit. Mineralisation is hosted by quartz-tourmaline and calcite veins in a metadiabase that is partly metamorphosed to biotite schist. A 1.87 Ga granodiorite intrudes the footwall. Aplite dikes, genetically related to the intrusion, crosscut the metadiabase host rock. Mineralised veins are concentrated in and around these dikes. Manuscript 2 deals with method development of automated mineralogical analysis. A sample from a mineralised quartz-tourmaline vein at Liikavaara was analysed in great detail with the QEMSCAN® system. Apart from ore minerals in major and minor abundance the sample also contains ore minerals in trace quantities, e.g. Au and Ag minerals. The sample was analysed using two different analytical settings, at two different laboratories, one typical of a production-focused industrial approach and one quality-focused scientific approach. A first analysis using the industrial approach was unable to detect any Au and Ag minerals in the sample. By modification of the QEMSCAN® mineral reference library, through iterative use of the data from both the industrial- and the scientific approach, detection and quantification of Au and Ag minerals was successful. This method can be implemented as an add-on for routine industrial analysis by automated scanning electron microscopy systems to gain information on trace metal occurrence and distribution. This information can then be used for targeted sample selection for further in-depth analysis of the trace metal content and occurrence in the deposit

Auto-tuning RocksDB

RocksDB is one of the most widely used embeddable persistent key-value stores available open-source. Its configurability, performance and workload flexibility have been essential factors that differentiate it from contenders. The data structure, Log Structured Merge Trees (LSM-trees), used in RocksDB differs from the more traditional B+ tree especially by offering better write throughput. However, the LSM-trees themselves do not provide a full-grown solution to all workloads, hence why there exist so many different databases implementing their own versions of the data structure. Auto-tuning databases is in the wind, with examples like Oracle Autonomous Database and Peloton offering next to no configuration. RocksDB has also recently received tuning features like dynamically changing level sizes for Leveled Compaction and an auto-tuning rate limiter. However, RocksDB is known for dominating background activity by default and requires configuration for optimal performance for different workloads. This thesis evaluates an implementation of a compaction auto-tuner for RocksDB and presenting positive write performance gains during high write load. The research did also attract positive attention from the RocksDB developers at Facebook