Legal control of the executive under the Papua New Guinea Constitution

The Papua New Guinea Constitution came into force at midnight on 16 September 1975 when the country became an independent, sovereign State. This thesis is a study of a single aspect of this Constitution, namely the legal control of the Executive. The task of controlling the Executive is a major aim of the Constitution in that it reflects what was perhaps the central concern of the Constitutional Planning Committee (CPC) on whose recommendations much of the present Constitution is based. After an account of the factors which gave rise to the concern to control the Executive is given, attention is directed to the main part of the thesis, viz., the constitutional scheme of control the constitution-makers devised for the purpose. The concluding chapter provides some assessment of the operation of this scheme in practice, focuäing, in particular, on the problems that have been experienced since Independence. The chapter goes on to present some suggestions as to the reforms that need to be made to the scheme, if the Executive is to be adequately and effectively controlled in the future

Application of artificial sunlight for the elderly as a possible environmental nursing practice

Aging and aged societies have arrived in many countries where significant development of medicine and the economy has been achieved. Japan is a highly aged society with a shortage of carers both at home and in long-term care settings. In fact, more persons of advanced age who do not need intensive care in hospitals strongly desire health care to be delivered in their own home with their family. Environmental nursing practice, which means that nurses improve the environment of patients or the elderly properly in accordance with healthcare considerations, is currently playing a more important role, not only to prevent the elderly from contracting various diseases, but also to provide a facility for supporting an aged person to live a fulfilling life, preferably one that includes independence. This approach will lead to a reduction in medical expenditure by increasing the number of aged people with healthy longevity without the need for hospitalization or intensive care. This short communication focuses on healthy lighting for the elderly based on our research and experience regarding the beneficial effects of artificial sunlight on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), asthma and food allergy, and ulcerative colitis in experimental animal models and clinical settings. Then, we review other studies and discuss how artificial sunlight would be useful for the elderly as one of the environmental nursing practices

Expression of a protein involved in bone resorption, Dkk1, is activated by HTLV-1 bZIP factor through its activation domain

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia, a malignancy characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of virally-infected CD4+ T-cells. Hypercalcemia and bone lesions due to osteoclast-mediated bone resorption are frequently associated with more aggressive forms of the disease. The HTLV-1 provirus contains a unique antisense gene that expresses HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factor (HBZ). HBZ is localized to the nucleus where it regulates levels of transcription by binding to certain cellular transcriptional regulators. Among its protein targets, HBZ forms a stable complex with the homologous cellular coactivators, p300 and CBP, which is modulated through two N-terminal LXXLL motifs in the viral protein and the conserved KIX domain in the coactivators.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To determine the effects of these interactions on transcription, we performed a preliminary microarray analysis, comparing levels of gene expression in cells with wild-type HBZ versus cells with HBZ mutated in its LXXLL motifs. <it>DKK1</it>, which encodes the secreted Wnt signaling inhibitor, Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), was confirmed to be transcriptionally activated by HBZ, but not its mutant. Dkk1 plays a major role in the development of bone lesions caused by multiple myeloma. In parallel with the initial findings, activation of Dkk1 expression by HBZ was abrogated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of p300/CBP or by a truncated form of p300 containing the KIX domain. Among HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines tested, the detection of Dkk1 mRNA partially correlated with a threshold level of HBZ mRNA. In addition, an uninfected and an HTLV-1-infected T-cell line transfected with an HBZ expression vector exhibited <it>de novo </it>and increased DKK1 transcription, respectively. In contrast to HBZ, The HTLV-1 Tax protein repressed Dkk1 expression.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These data indicate that HBZ activates Dkk1 expression through its interaction with p300/CBP. However, this effect is limited in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines, which in part, may be due to suppression of Dkk1 expression by Tax. Consequently, the ability of HBZ to regulate expression of Dkk1 and possibly other cellular genes may only be significant during late stages of ATL, when Tax expression is repressed.</p

Electrochemical oxidative adsorption and reductive desorption of a self-assembled monolayer of decanethiol on the Au(111) surface in KOH+ethanol solution

The electrochemical characteristics of an Au(111) electrode were investigated in 0.1 M KOH ethanol solutions containing various concentrations of decanethiol. Anodic and cathodic peaks corresponding to the oxidative adsorption and reductive desorption, respectively, of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of decanethiol were observed. Both peaks shifted negatively with an increase in the thiol concentration by ca. 57 mV/decade, showing that the redox process is a one-electron process. The adsorbed amount determined from the charge corresponding to the reductive desorption increased with an increase in the decanethiol concentration but never reached the saturated amount as long as the cyclic voltammograms were recorded continuously with a sweep rate of 10–200 mV s−1. The adsorption increased with the holding time at +0.1 V, which was much more positive than the anodic peak potential, and reached the saturated amount in ca. 10 min in a 10 μM thiol solution. The reductive peak potential also shifted negatively with the holding time but over a longer period. It continued to shift for ca. 60 min in the 10 μM thiol solution, which was much longer than the time taken for the adsorbed amount to reach the saturated value. These results suggest that the formation of a highly ordered SAM requires a much longer time than the adsorption of the thiol

"It is by speaking Māori that the language will live = "Mā te kōrero ka ora te reo : a thesis submitted in the fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Education Administration, Massey University

This thesis concentrates on the domain of the home of four students at Te Pihipihingā Kākano mai i Rangiātea Kura Kaupapa Māori based in New Plymouth, and what opportunities they have to access and speak Māori. The collecting of data is based on methodology that suits a Māori kaupapa. This approach is of a qualitative nature, that includes case study, action research and grounded theory that allow us to collect and analyse data without intruding or trampling on Māori cultural values. The kaupapa Māori nature of this thesis is maintained through the inclusiveness of these values throughout the research process