Beyond the Obvious: Evaluating the Reasoning Ability In Real-life Scenarios of Language Models on Life Scapes Reasoning Benchmark~(LSR-Benchmark)

This paper introduces the Life Scapes Reasoning Benchmark (LSR-Benchmark), a novel dataset targeting real-life scenario reasoning, aiming to close the gap in artificial neural networks' ability to reason in everyday contexts. In contrast to domain knowledge reasoning datasets, LSR-Benchmark comprises free-text formatted questions with rich information on real-life scenarios, human behaviors, and character roles. The dataset consists of 2,162 questions collected from open-source online sources and is manually annotated to improve its quality. Experiments are conducted using state-of-the-art language models, such as gpt3.5-turbo and instruction fine-tuned llama models, to test the performance in LSR-Benchmark. The results reveal that humans outperform these models significantly, indicating a persisting challenge for machine learning models in comprehending daily human life

Xiezhi: An Ever-Updating Benchmark for Holistic Domain Knowledge Evaluation

New Natural Langauge Process~(NLP) benchmarks are urgently needed to align with the rapid development of large language models (LLMs). We present Xiezhi, the most comprehensive evaluation suite designed to assess holistic domain knowledge. Xiezhi comprises multiple-choice questions across 516 diverse disciplines ranging from 13 different subjects with 220,000 questions and accompanied by Xiezhi-Specialty and Xiezhi-Interdiscipline, both with 15k questions. We conduct evaluation of the 47 cutting-edge LLMs on Xiezhi. Results indicate that LLMs exceed average performance of humans in science, engineering, agronomy, medicine, and art, but fall short in economics, jurisprudence, pedagogy, literature, history, and management. We anticipate Xiezhi will help analyze important strengths and shortcomings of LLMs, and the benchmark is released in https://github.com/MikeGu721/XiezhiBenchmark .Comment: Under review of NeurIPS 202

Transporters in Drug Development: 2018 ITC Recommendations for Transporters of Emerging Clinical Importance

This white paper provides updated International Transporter Consortium (ITC) recommendations on transporters that are important in drug development following the 3rd ITC workshop. New additions include prospective evaluation of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and retrospective evaluation of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)2B1 because of their important roles in drug absorption, disposition, and effects. For the first time, the ITC underscores the importance of transporters involved in drug-induced vitamin deficiency (THTR2) and those involved in the disposition of biomarkers of organ function (OAT2 and bile acid transporters)

Convergence of Genes and Cellular Pathways Dysregulated in Autism Spectrum Disorders.

International audienceRare copy-number variation (CNV) is an important source of risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We analyzed 2,446 ASD-affected families and confirmed an excess of genic deletions and duplications in affected versus control groups (1.41-fold, p = 1.0 × 10(-5)) and an increase in affected subjects carrying exonic pathogenic CNVs overlapping known loci associated with dominant or X-linked ASD and intellectual disability (odds ratio = 12.62, p = 2.7 × 10(-15), ∼3% of ASD subjects). Pathogenic CNVs, often showing variable expressivity, included rare de novo and inherited events at 36 loci, implicating ASD-associated genes (CHD2, HDAC4, and GDI1) previously linked to other neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as other genes such as SETD5, MIR137, and HDAC9. Consistent with hypothesized gender-specific modulators, females with ASD were more likely to have highly penetrant CNVs (p = 0.017) and were also overrepresented among subjects with fragile X syndrome protein targets (p = 0.02). Genes affected by de novo CNVs and/or loss-of-function single-nucleotide variants converged on networks related to neuronal signaling and development, synapse function, and chromatin regulation

Experimental and DFT research for the effects of sodium on the heterogeneous reaction between NO and semichar derived fromO

The excessive emission of NO is endangering the ecological environment and the health of humans. In-depth research on the reduction mechanisms of NO is crucial to regulating NO emissions. In this research, the influence of sodium on the heterogeneous reaction of NO by semichar derived from O2/CO2 pretreatments were investigated through the experimental and density functional theory (DFT) method. According to the results of atomic dipole corrected Hirshfeld atomic charge (ADCH), the additional Na and oxygen-containing compound altered the semichar's charge distribution of. The additional Na weakened the positive effects of the marginal hydrogen. And the charge of the carbon, which was attached to the phenol group, changed from negative to positive due to the strong electron-trapping ability of the phenol group. The energy potential diagrams between NO and semichars derived from O2/CO2 pretreatments without/with sodium addition reflected that sodium was beneficial to reduce NO. Compared with pure O2/CO2 pretreatments, the additional sodium decreased the energy gap of the NO reduction by 144.68 kJ/mol. On the other hand, the temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) results were performed to identify the accuracy of the calculation results. The experimental results illustrated that adding sodium enhanced the NO reducibility of semichar, expressing great consistency with the theoretical results

Influence of basalt fiber on pore structure, mechanical performance and damage evolution of cemented tailings backfill

To study the influence of the addition of basalt fibers on the mechanical properties, pore structure, and damage evolution characteristics of the cemented tailings backfill (CTB), the uniaxial compression tests, nuclear magnetic resonance tests and scanning electron microscopy analysis were conducted on the CTB with four different content and lengths of basalt fibers. Test results show the following. (1) An increase in the content of basalt fibers will lead to an increase in the proportion of micropores and secondary pores in the CTB, while a decrease in the proportion of macropores. The influence of basalt fiber length on pore structure is not as significant as the content. (2) With the increase of basalt fiber content and length, the peak stress and peak strain of the CTB increase, but the elastic modulus decreases. Basalt fiber can significantly improve the ductility and bearing time of the CTB, with a length of 12 mm and a content of 1.5 % having the best effect. The length of basalt fibers affects macroscopic mechanics more than content. (3) The CTB without fiber have fewer cracks and faster crack propagation speed, while the CTB with fiber have more cracks and slower crack propagation speed. Basalt fibers mainly play a bridging role between hydration products, delaying the failure process of the sample. (4) A damage constitutive model was constructed. The rationality and reliability of the model were verified, and the damage evolution law of CTB was analyzed. The content and length of basalt fibers have a positive impact on damage evolution

Experimental and DFT Research on the Effects of O2/CO2 and O2/H2O Pretreatments on the Combustion Characteristics of Char

The use of a coal-based energy structure generates a large amount of CO2 and NOx. The numerous emissions from these agents result in acid rain, photochemical smog, and haze. This environmental problem is considered one of the greatest challenges facing humankind in this century. Preheating combustion technology is considered an essential method for lowering the emissions of CO2 and NO. In this research, the char prepared from O2/CO2 and O2/H2O atmospheres was employed to reveal the effects of the addition of an oxidizing agent on the combustion characteristics of char. The structural features and combustion characteristics of preheated chars were determined by Raman, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and non-isothermal, thermo-gravimetric (TGA) experiments. According to the experimental results, the addition of oxidizing agents promoted the generation of smaller aromatic ring structures and oxygen-containing functional groups. The improvement in the surface physicochemical properties enhanced the reactivity of char and lowered its combustion activation energy. Furthermore, the combustion mechanisms of the char prepared from the O2/CO2 and O2/H2O atmospheres were investigated using the density functional theory (DFT). The simulation results illustrated that the combustion essence of char could be attributed to the migration of active atoms, the fracture of the benzene ring structure, and the reorganization of new systems. The addition of oxidizing agents weakened the conjugated components of the aromatic ring systems, promoting the successive decomposition of CO and NO. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for regulating the reaction atmosphere in the preheating process and promoting the development of clean combustion for high-rank coals

Visible-Light-Responsive Reversible Photoacid Based on a Metastable Carbanion

A new photoacid that reversibly changes from a weak to a strong acid under visible light was designed and synthesized. Irradiation generated a metastable state with high CH acidity due to high stability of a trifluoromethyl-phenyl-tricyano-furan (CF3PhTCF) carbanion. This long-lived metastable state allows a large proton concentration to be reversibly produced with moderate light intensity. Reversible pH change of about one unit was demonstrated by using a 0.1 mM solution of the photoacid in 95 % ethanol. The quantum yield was calculated to be as high as 0.24. Kinetics of the reverse process can be fitted well to a second-order-rate equation with k=9.78×102 M−1 s−1. Response to visible light, high quantum yield, good reversibility, large photoinduced proton concentration under moderate light intensity, and good compatibility with organic media make this photoacid a promising material for macroscopic control of proton-transfer processes in organic systems