A CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA NA HISTÓRIA

FARR, James, DYZEK, John S., LEONARD, Stephen T. (eds.). A Ciência Política na História — Programas de Pesquisa e Tradições Políticas. Nova Iorque, Cambridge University Press, 1995

Da Poliarquia à Oligarquia? Eleições e demanda por renovação parlamentar

The analysis of the relation between electoral behaviour and party systems reveals characteristics of the representative system in Brazil, at state and federal levels. The article demonstrates how precise methodologies with the use of statistical data can deepen the understanding of Brazilian political life. The author’s main conclusion is that the party system in Brazil provides — and the people take advantage of — the opportunities for oxygenating political life by renewing a considerable part of the representation, at state and federal levels.L’analyse des rapports entre comportement electoral et le système des partis révèle les characteristiques du système représantatif au Brésil, aux niveaux fédéral et des états de la fédération. L’article démontre comment des methodologies précises, avec I ’emploi de données statistiques, peuvent approffondir Tétude de la vie politique brésilienne. La conclusion principale de I ’auteur est que le système des partis brésilien propicie — et le peuple en profite — des opportunités d’oxygéner la vie politique en renouvelant une grande partie de la représentation, taut au niveau fédéral qua celui des états de la fédération.A análise da relação entre comportamento eleitoral e sistemas partidários mostra as características do sistema representativo no Brasil nos níveis federal e estadual. O artigo demonstra como metodologias acuradas conjugadas ao uso de dados estatísticos podem aprofundar o estudo da vida política brasileira. A principal conclusão do autor é que o sistema partidário propicia — e o eleitorado aproveita — as oportunidades de oxigenar a vida política, renovando parte importante da representação, em nível federal e estadual

Dois escritos democráticos de José de Alencar: Sistema representativo, 1868; Reforma eleitoral, 1874

Introdução e seleção por Wanderley Guilherme dos Santos.Unavailable.Indisponível

Limb-Sparing Using Total Hip Arthroplasty in a Dog with Femoral Head Osteosarcoma

Background: Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common primary bone tumor of the appendicular skeleton of dogs. It mainly affects the metaphyseal region of long bones in large and giant breed dogs.The markedly aggressive and metastatic character of the disease leads to an invariably poor to unfavorable prognosis.Although amputation is commonly performed, different surgical techniques may be used to preserve the limb. The most common methods of limb preserving surgeries involve the use of endoprosthesis and allogeneic or autologous grafts. This report describes the successful use of total hip replacement to treat a 3-year-old male dog, with OSA in the femoral head and neck.Case: This report describes the successful use of total hip replacement to treat a 3-year-old male dog, with OSA in the femoral head and neck. The OSA stage IA located in the femoral head and neck was resected and treated through the limb-sparing. The bone defect and joint function was reconstructed with total hip arthroplasty technique using a cementless hip prosthesis. The result of the histopathological analysis of the excised bone tissue showed a minimally productive osteoblastic osteosarcoma. To date, the patient shows satisfactory movement rate and motion range, with no pain to palpation and without lameness in that limb. The radiographic follow-up after 24 months showed no local recurrence, metastasis pulmonary or complications related to the implant. Total hip arthroplasty resulted in safe recovery of orthopedic signs associated with osteosarcoma of the femoral head and neck, effectively acting as a limb preserving surgery after 32 months.Discussion: The limb-sparing procedure is an option to control local tumors that has become more popular among owners that do not accept the amputation of the limb. Similarly, it is a good alternative when another condition may interfere with the other limbs or may require amputation of another limb. The size and the potential for weight gain of the dog in this study could compromise its ambulation later, and it was a factor in the decision for the limb-sparing surgery. The allografts can be used to reconstruct the proximal femur, but they were not considered a viable option for this patient because of the reported complications, including graft fracture, non-union with the host bone and collapse of subchondral bone. The hip region does not allow the realization of arthrodesis because this joint is highly mobile, so the use of prosthetics as described is ideal for the preservation of joint biomechanics. Furthermore, the implant provides rapid postoperative recovery and immediate stability. Mean survival times were not significantly different between the limb-sparing and amputation techniques without adequate chemotherapy. In this case, despite the recommendation, the patient was monitored continuously without the association of adjuvant treatments according to the owner’s choice. The complications related with the use of cortical allograft, endoprosthesis, and pasteurized autograft include infection (31-60%), local recurrence (15-28%) or implant failure (11-40%). The implant luxation is the most common non-traumatic acute complication in the short term after limb-sparing surgery of proximal femur in humans and total hip replacement in dogs. To date, no complications have been observed after the procedure was performed. In conclusion, preservation of limbs in cases of osteosarcoma is favorable depending on the degree of involvement, but it requires specific techniques according to the location, to improve the quality of life and animal survival. In this case, the total hip arthroplasty for initial osteosarcoma in the femoral head and neck got an unexpected result, especially given the nature of osteosarcoma, limitations of wide excision with this approach and lack of adjuvant therapy

Heparan sulfates and heparins: similar compounds performing the same functions in vertebrates and invertebrates?

The distribution and structure of heparan sulfate and heparin are briefly reviewed. Heparan sulfate is a ubiquitous compound of animal cells whose structure has been maintained throughout evolution, showing an enormous variability regarding the relative amounts of its disaccharide units. Heparin, on the other hand, is present only in a few tissues and species of the animal kingdom and in the form of granules inside organelles in the cytoplasm of special cells. Thus, the distribution as well as the main structural features of the molecule, including its main disaccharide unit, have been maintained through evolution. These and other studies led to the proposal that heparan sulfate may be involved in the cell-cell recognition phenomena and control of cell growth, whereas heparin may be involved in defense mechanisms against bacteria and other foreign materials. All indications obtained thus far suggest that these molecules perform the same functions in vertebrates and invertebrates.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)A02Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteUniversidade de Mogi das CruzesUNIFESPSciEL