Historic Resources Study of Pullman National Monument, Illinois

This Historic Resource Study is a Baseline Research Report for Pullman National Monument. This HRS summarizes the historical writings about Pullman, provides context for the significant themes identified in its founding document, collates collections of primary documents and historical resources that are important sources of information on those themes, and recommends questions that will require additional study. These cultural resources include primary historical materials in archives and oral history collections, as well as architectural, archaeological, museum collections, or landscape resources. While this report includes new historical narrative based in original archival research, other sections present synthetic reviews of existing publications. National Park Service staff will use this document and included resources as they make management decisions and design interpretive programming. In addition to this report and its appendices—which are only published digitally—the research team deposited its entire library with the monument staff, including nearly 2,000 references and thousands of pages of digitally-imaged archival documents

Catalytic Functionalisation of sp3 Bonds

Reported herein is an investigation into palladium-catalysed -allylation employing sulfonamide nucleophiles. Anions of benzylsulfonamides have been shown to react with a series of allyl acetates in the presence of Pd0 catalysts, phosphine ligands and base at room temperature, enabling the synthesis of sp3-functionalised sulfonamides. The developed methodology has allowed access to a library of novel allylated sulfonamides, varying both amine substituent and allylic functionality. In addition, we have applied our methodology to a series of known sulfonamide drug targets, to demonstrate our reaction as a useful late-stage functionalisation tool, whilst populating chemical space. The performed mechanistic study using a stereospecific electrophile confirms benzylsulfonamides behave as soft carbon nucleophiles in the Tsuji-Trost reaction, as a ‘net retention’ of stereochemistry is observed (confirmed by X-ray crystallography). Moreover, the asymmetric synthesis of allylated sulfonamides is probed, although obtaining enantioselectivity a- to SO bonds is naturally difficult, due to the conformational preferences of sulfonamide carbanions. Traditional methods for direct -alkylation of sulfonamides require strong bases, reactive electrophiles, low temperatures and use of stoichiometric amounts of additives. Therefore, in addition to a catalytic method, we report an alternative method reacting benzylsulfonamides with allyl bromide electrophiles via a nucleophilic substitution reaction, using mild conditions (LDA, THF at –20 °C)

Streamlined Synthesis of C(sp3)-Rich N-Heterospirocycles Enabled by Visible-Light-Mediated Photocatalysis

We report a general visible-light-mediated strategy that enables the construction of complex C(sp3)-rich N-heterospirocycles from feedstock aliphatic ketones and aldehydes with a broad selection of alkene-containing secondary amines. Key to the success of this approach was the utilization of a highly reducing Ir-photocatalyst and orchestration of the intrinsic reactivities of 1,4-cyclohexadiene and Hantzsch ester. This methodology provides streamlined access to complex C(sp3)-rich N-heterospirocycles displaying structural and functional features relevant to fragment-based lead identification programs.We are grateful to the Gates Cambridge Trust (N.J.F.) and Herchel Smith Scholarship Scheme (A.T.) for studentships, the EPSRC (EP/S020292/1 and EP/N031792/1), Ambitious Leader’s Program, Hokkaido University, Japan (Y.K.), and the Royal Society for a Wolfson Merit Award (M.J.G.). S.M.W. is a Fellow of the AstraZeneca Postdoctoral program. We are grateful to the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University for HRMS analysis

Streamlined Synthesis of C(sp3)-Rich N-Heterospirocycles Enabled by Visible-Light-Mediated Photocatalysis

We report a general visible-light-mediated strategy that enables the construction of complex C(sp3)-rich N-heterospirocycles from feedstock aliphatic ketones and aldehydes with a broad selection of alkene-containing secondary amines. Key to the success of this approach was the utilization of a highly reducing Ir-photocatalyst and orchestration of the intrinsic reactivities of 1,4-cyclohexadiene and Hantzsch ester. This methodology provides streamlined access to complex C(sp3)-rich N-heterospirocycles displaying structural and functional features relevant to fragment-based lead identification programs.We are grateful to the Gates Cambridge Trust (N.J.F.) and Herchel Smith Scholarship Scheme (A.T.) for studentships, the EPSRC (EP/S020292/1 and EP/N031792/1), Ambitious Leader’s Program, Hokkaido University, Japan (Y.K.), and the Royal Society for a Wolfson Merit Award (M.J.G.). S.M.W. is a Fellow of the AstraZeneca Postdoctoral program. We are grateful to the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University for HRMS analysis

Pollinator-flower interactions in gardens during the covid 19 pandemic lockdown of 2020

During the main COVID-19 global pandemic lockdown period of 2020 an impromptu set of pollination ecologists came together via social media and personal contacts to carry out standardised surveys of the flower visits and plants in gardens. The surveys involved 67 rural, suburban and urban gardens, of various sizes, ranging from 61.18° North in Norway to 37.96° South in Australia, resulting in a data set of 25,174 rows, with each row being a unique interaction record for that date/site/plant species, and comprising almost 47,000 visits to flowers, as well as records of flowers that were not visited by pollinators, for over 1,000 species and varieties belonging to more than 460 genera and 96 plant families. The more than 650 species of flower visitors belong to 12 orders of invertebrates and four of vertebrates. In this first publication from the project, we present a brief description of the data and make it freely available for any researchers to use in the future, the only restriction being that they cite this paper in the first instance. The data generated from these global surveys will provide scientific evidence to help us understand the role that private gardens (in urban, rural and suburban areas) can play in conserving insect pollinators and identify management actions to enhance their potential

Archaeological Overview & Assessment Pullman National Historical Monument

The Archaeological Overview and Assessment (Archaeological O&A, or simply O&A) is a Baseline Research Report within the National Park Service\u27s Culture Resource Management system. This report presents basic research results intended to help support planning regarding and management of park cultural resources, as well as supporting interpretive programming. The National Park Service defines an Archaeological O&A as a report which describes and assesses the known and potential archaeological resources in a park area. The overview reviews and summarizes existing archaeological data; the assessment evaluates the data. The report assesses past work and helps determine the need for and design of future studies (U.S. Department of the Interior: 25)