Una relación complicada. Los juristas y Aristóteles

The historians of Medieval political theory have overlooked the role of Roman and Canonical Laws in the formation of the Political Theory at the same time that they attributed considerable importance to the conflicts between the Papacy and the temporal power and to the councilistic discussion that took place within the Church. For that reason, they paid more attention to Aristotelian background than to juridical basis. But, actually, Aristotelian’s political theory was the foundation of only abstract discussions of intellectuals and within the environment of the University, whereas the political decisions were in hands of erudite jurists. That is the reason of the polemic statements of scholars and theologians, who felt themselves despised (inasmuch as their scientific status was concerned) by the holders of the political power.Los historiadores de la teoría política medieval han pasado por alto el rol de los derechos romano y canónico en la formación de la Teoría Política y, como contraparte, le han atribuido una importancia considerable a los conflictos entre el Papa y el poder temporal y a la discusión conciliar que ocurrió al interior de la Iglesia. Debido a esto, le prestaron más atención al trasfondo teórico aristotélico que a los fundamentos jurídicos involucrados. Sin embargo, en rigor, la teoría política aristotélicas operó como base tan solo para algunas discusiones abstractas de los intelectuales y al interior del ambiente universatorio, mientras que las decisiones políticas eran, en verdad, tomadas por eruditos juristas. Esta es la razón de las declaraciones polémicas de escolares y teólogos: estos se sentían desestimados (en lo referido al estatus científico de sus producciones) por aquellos que poseían el efectivo poder político

Ectopic Cushing' syndrome caused by a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the mesentery

BACKGROUND: ACTH overproduction within the pituitary gland or ectopically leads to hypercortisolism. Here, we report the first case of Cushing' syndrome caused by an ectopic ACTH-secreting neuroendocrine carcinoma of the mesentery. Moreover, diagnostic procedures and pitfalls associated with ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors are demonstrated and discussed. CASE PRESENTATION: A 41 year-old man presented with clinical features and biochemical tests suggestive of ectopic Cushing's syndrome. First, subtotal thyroidectomy was performed without remission of hypercortisolism, because an octreotide scan showed increased activity in the left thyroid gland and an ultrasound revealed nodules in both thyroid lobes one of which was autonomous. In addition, the patient had a 3 mm hypoenhancing lesion of the neurohypophysis and a 1 cm large adrenal tumor. Surgical removal of the pituitary lesion within the posterior lobe did not improve hypercortisolism and we continued to treat the patient with metyrapone to block cortisol production. At 18-months follow-up from initial presentation, we detected an ACTH-producing neuroendocrine carcinoma of the mesentery by using a combination of octreotide scan, computed tomography scan, and positron emission tomography. Intraoperatively, use of a gamma probe after administration of radiolabeled (111)In-pentetreotide helped identify the mesenteric neuroendocrine tumor. After removal of this carcinoma, the patient improved clinically. Laboratory testing confirmed remission of hypercortisolism. An octreotide scan 7 months after surgery showed normal results. CONCLUSION: This case underscores the diagnostic challenge in identifying an ectopic ACTH-producing tumor and the pluripotency of cells, in this case of mesenteric cells that can start producing and secreting ACTH. It thereby helps elucidate the pathogenesis of neuroendocrine tumors. This case also suggests that patients with ectopic Cushing's syndrome and an octreotide scan positive in atypical locations may benefit from explorative radioguided surgery using (111)In-pentetreotide and a gamma probe

Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in European Wildlife

Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known colonizer and cause of infection among animals and it has been described from numerous domestic and wild animal species. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in a convenience sample of European wildlife and to review what previously has been observed in the subject field. 124 S. aureus isolates were collected from wildlife in Germany, Austria and Sweden; they were characterized by DNA microarray hybridization and, for isolates with novel hybridization patterns, by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The isolates were assigned to 29 clonal complexes and singleton sequence types (CC1, CC5, CC6, CC7, CC8, CC9, CC12, CC15, CC22, CC25, CC30, CC49, CC59, CC88, CC97, CC130, CC133, CC398, ST425, CC599, CC692, CC707, ST890, CC1956, ST2425, CC2671, ST2691, CC2767 and ST2963), some of which (ST2425, ST2691, ST2963) were not described previously. Resistance rates in wildlife strains were rather low and mecA-MRSA isolates were rare (n = 6). mecC-MRSA (n = 8) were identified from a fox, a fallow deer, hares and hedgehogs. The common cattle- associated lineages CC479 and CC705 were not detected in wildlife in the present study while, in contrast, a third common cattle lineage, CC97, was found to be common among cervids. No Staphylococcus argenteus or Staphylococcus schweitzeri-like isolates were found. Systematic studies are required to monitor the possible transmission of human- and livestock- associated S. aureus/MRSA to wildlife and vice versa as well as the possible transmission, by unprotected contact to animals. The prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA in wildlife as well as its population structures in different wildlife host species warrants further investigation

Modelling a Historic Oil-Tank Fire Allows an Estimation of the Sensitivity of the Infrared Receptors in Pyrophilous Melanophila Beetles

Pyrophilous jewel beetles of the genus Melanophila approach forest fires and there is considerable evidence that these beetles can detect fires from great distances of more than 60 km. Because Melanophila beetles are equipped with infrared receptors and are also attracted by hot surfaces it can be concluded that these infrared receptors are used for fire detection

Die Universität Jena in ihrer Stadt. Die Gründerjahre (1548-1580)

Die Universtität Jena in ihrer Stadt. Stationen einer dauerhaften Beziehung vom 16. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert. Eine Ringvorlesung des Historischen Instituts der Universität Jena und des Collegium Europaeum Jenens

Una relación complicada. Los juristas y Aristóteles

The historians of Medieval political theory have overlooked the role of Roman and Canonical Laws in the formation of the Political Theory at the same time that they attributed considerable importance to the conflicts between the Papacy and the temporal power and to the councilistic discussion that took place within the Church. For that reason, they paid more attention to Aristotelian background than to juridical basis. But, actually, Aristotelian’s political theory was the foundation of only abstract discussions of intellectuals and within the environment of the University, whereas the political decisions were in hands of erudite jurists. That is the reason of the polemic statements of scholars and theologians, who felt themselves despised (inasmuch as their scientific status was concerned) by the holders of the political power.Los historiadores de la teoría política medieval han pasado por alto el rol de los derechos romano y canónico en la formación de la Teoría Política y, como contraparte, le han atribuido una importancia considerable a los conflictos entre el Papa y el poder temporal y a la discusión conciliar que ocurrió al interior de la Iglesia. Debido a esto, le prestaron más atención al trasfondo teórico aristotélico que a los fundamentos jurídicos involucrados. Sin embargo, en rigor, la teoría política aristotélicas operó como base tan solo para algunas discusiones abstractas de los intelectuales y al interior del ambiente universatorio, mientras que las decisiones políticas eran, en verdad, tomadas por eruditos juristas. Esta es la razón de las declaraciones polémicas de escolares y teólogos: estos se sentían desestimados (en lo referido al estatus científico de sus producciones) por aquellos que poseían el efectivo poder político

The idea of a contract of government in the political theories on Empire of the 14th and 15th centuries

Marsilius of Padua is perhaps the most prominent but not the most influential representative of political theory in the 14th century. In his Defensor Pacis he avoids explicitely to construct a contractual base when he presents the development of political human communities. His Aristotelian anthropological view of man as a animal sociale et politicum relies more on human experiencia than on the Aristotelian inclinatio naturalis so vehemently stressed by Aquinas and his school. Therefore you c..