150 research outputs found

    Impacts sédimentaires de la présence humaine et des variations climatiques. Exemples d'enregistrements lacustres, fluviatiles et estuariens.

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    Ce mĂ©moire d'HDR est Ă©tabli comme « un Ă©tat des lieux » de mes travaux de recherche autour du thĂšme « sĂ©dimentation continentale », et une prĂ©sentation de mes perspectives de recherche. Il prĂ©sente un bilan des travaux de recherche rĂ©alisĂ©s depuis la pĂ©riode post-doctorale. La question centrale est la suivante : quelle est la part relative du climat et de la pression anthropique dans l'Ă©rosion du domaine continental ? Le Quaternaire est caractĂ©risĂ© par une oscillation rapide du climat entre des pĂ©riodes glaciaires et interglaciaires. Depuis peu, l'Ă©tude des variations naturelles du climat, particuliĂšrement celui de la pĂ©riode interglaciaire dans laquelle nous vivons, l'HolocĂšne, a connu un regain d'intĂ©rĂȘt avec la mise en Ă©vidence d'un rĂ©chauffement global de la planĂšte dont l'origine est, au moins en partie, anthropique. Afin de pouvoir cerner et modĂ©liser l'impact rĂ©el de l'Homme sur le climat, il est indispensable de connaĂźtre avec prĂ©cision les paramĂštres forçant les variations climatiques naturelles et les effets de ces variations sur l'environnement, et en particulier les enregistrements sĂ©dimentaires puisque ceux-ci sont utilisĂ©s dans les reconstructions climatiques puis les modĂ©lisations du climat. Les bassins versants, de tailles variĂ©es, et l'Ă©chelle de temps Ă©tudiĂ©s permettent de suivre Ă  trĂšs court, court et moyen terme uniquement l'effet du climat puis la mise en place de la pression anthropique et son impact dans diffĂ©rents contextes sĂ©dimentaires. Les lochs, lacs et tourbiĂšres sont des sites dans lesquels les enregistrements sĂ©dimentaires sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement continus depuis le dernier maximum glaciaire (environ 20 000 ans) et souvent caractĂ©risĂ©s par une rĂ©solution trĂšs fine. En revanche, les enregistrements sĂ©dimentaires en domaine alluvial et estuarien sont trĂšs rĂ©duits et fragmentĂ©s, mais non dĂ©nuĂ©s d'intĂ©rĂȘt. Il s'agit donc nĂ©cessairement de conduire une approche pluridisciplinaire. Au sein de cette thĂ©matique globale, mes activitĂ©s de recherche sont centrĂ©es sur une approche minĂ©ralogique, granulomĂ©trique et gĂ©ochimique de l'impact des variations climatiques et des phases d'anthropisation sur les sĂ©diments. La question de la datation des sĂ©diments est alors cruciale pour corrĂ©ler entre eux des Ă©vĂ©nements d'impact rĂ©gional. C'est lĂ  qu'intervient la mise en Ă©vidence et la caractĂ©risation de niveaux de tĂ©phras dont la dispersion rĂ©gionale est instantanĂ©e Ă  l'Ă©chelle des temps gĂ©ologiques

    Changes in ecosystems, climate and societies in the Jura Mountains between 40 and 8 ka cal BP

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    International audienceWe present radiometric, palaeoclimatological, palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data for the period 40 000–8000 cal BP in the Jura Mountains (eastern France). These mountains culminate at ∌1700 m a.s.l. and are today characterised by a semi-continental climate. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the range supported a local ice cap. While recent data suggest a possible early ice-cap development during MIS 4, the chronology of the regional LGM and following deglaciation has still to be refined. The complete disappearance of the local ice cap at ca 17 000–16 600 cal BP marked the beginning of accumulation of sediment archives in the Jurassian lakes and mires, which favoured the reconstruction of past changes in climatic and environmental conditions, in addition to faunal remains found in caves and in archaeological sites. Three main successive stages may be distinguished regarding the history of societies. The first stage at ca 40 000–18 700 cal BP was characterized by very few archaeological sites with only discontinuous intermittent occupations, always located outside the Jura range. The second stage, around 18 700–11 700 cal BP, corresponded to an increase in the population density, as suggested by an increasing number of archaeological sites and a progressive colonisation of elevated areas of the Jura Mountains. The third stage at ca 11 700–8000 cal BP coincided with a reinforcement of settlement in the lowland areas as well as a development of long-term occupations in elevated areas. The millennial-scale GS-1 cold event had a more long-lasting and stronger impact on societies than did the 200 year-long 8.2 ka cold event

    Chronologie et spatialisation de retombées de cendres volcaniques tardiglaciaires dans les massifs des Vosges et du Jura, et le plateau suisse

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    L’établissement d’une chronologie prĂ©cise des diffĂ©rents Ă©vĂ©nements climatiques du Tardiglaciaire et de l’HolocĂšne nĂ©cessite l’emploi de diffĂ©rents moyens de datation. Parmi ceux-ci, la tĂ©phrochronologie apparaĂźt comme un outil permettant Ă  la fois une datation prĂ©cise et une synchronisation Ă  l’échelle inter-rĂ©gionale de ces Ă©vĂ©nements. Dans le cadre de l’étude de l’enregistrement des variations du climat ayant rĂ©gnĂ© en Europe de l’Ouest durant les 20 000 derniĂšres annĂ©es, des niveaux de tĂ©phras et de « cryptotĂ©phras » ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©s dans des remplissages de lacs situĂ©s dans les massifs du Jura, des Vosges et sur le Plateau suisse. Certains de ces niveaux Ă©tant invisibles Ă  l’Ɠil nu, leur dĂ©tection a Ă©tĂ© rendue possible grĂące Ă  l’emploi de la mesure de la susceptibilitĂ© magnĂ©tique Ă  un pas de 5 mm. Nos observations permettent de complĂ©ter l’extension gĂ©ographique de la bordure ouest du nuage de dispersion mĂ©ridional du Laacher See Tephra (env. 12900 ans, Eifel, Allemagne) dĂ©jĂ  observĂ© dans d’autres remplissages lacustres du Jura et de l’Europe de l’Ouest et du Nord. Dans les sites Ă©tudiĂ©s, les Ă©chardes de verre volcanique prĂ©sentent des compositions chimiques comparables Ă  celles des phases les plus jeunes du Laacher See Tephra. D’autres niveaux de tĂ©phras, non rĂ©pertoriĂ©s jusqu’à prĂ©sent dans cette rĂ©gion, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©s et caractĂ©risĂ©s. Deux niveaux, trĂšs discrets et uniquement prĂ©sents dans les sites du massif du Jura et du Plateau suisse, sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par des Ăąges et compositions chimiques de phĂ©nocristaux compatibles avec les produits Ă©mis par le Puy de la NugĂšre (ChaĂźne des Puys, France) pendant l’AllerĂžd (autour de 13300 ans). Les sites du massif des Vosges, quant Ă  eux, sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par l’occurence d’un tĂ©phra rhyolitique, le Vedde Ash (env. 12000 ans), dĂ©posĂ© durant le Dryas rĂ©cent. Actuellement, il s’agit lĂ  de l’occurence la plus mĂ©ridio‑occidentale de ce tĂ©phra. Nos rĂ©sultats complĂštent la tĂ©phrochronologie tardiglaciaire de l’Est de la France et offrent donc un « pont » chronologique supplĂ©mentaire entre les sĂ©quences sĂ©dimentaires nord- et centreeuropĂ©ennes et celles situĂ©es plus Ă  l’ouest. Ils soulignent l’importance du Laacher See Tephra et du Vedde Ash pour les Ă©tudes palĂ©oenvironnementales dans cette partie de l’Europe puisque ces deux tĂ©phras encadrent la limite AllerĂžd - Dryas rĂ©cent et permettent, pour cet intervalle de temps, de pallier l’absence de donnĂ©es radiochronologiques.Establishment of a precise chronicle of the lateglacial and holocene climatic variations requires the use of various dating methods. Among them, tephrochronology allows high-resolution dating and synchronization of these events at a regional scale and sometimes at a continental scale. Study of the record of the climatic variations occuring in western Europe since twenty thousands years leads to the discovery of tephras levels and “cryptotephras” in sediments cored in lakes from the Jura and Vosges mountains, and the Swiss plateau. Some of these levels are invisible to the naked eye. Their detection was obtained using magnetic susceptibility measurement with a 5 mm step along the cores. Our observations allow to complete the western boundary of the southern distribution of the Laacher See Tephra (ca. 12,900 yr, Eifel, Germany). This tephra has been already described in others lacustrine sequences from the Jura and the western and northern Europe. In the sites we have studied, the volcanic glass shards show geochemical compositions comparable to those of the youngest phases of the Laacher See Tephra eruption. Other tephra levels, never described in this region until then, have been detected and characterized. Two very discrete tephra levels, only observed in sites from the Jura and the Swiss plateau, present ages, mineral assemblages and chemical compositions close to those of tephras that were emitted by the Puy de la NugĂšre (ChaĂźne des Puys, France) during the Alleröd (about 13,300 yr). Sites from the Vosges mountains are characterized by the occurrence of the rhyolitic Vedde Ash (ca. 12,000 yr, from the icelandic Katla volcano), deposited during the Younger Dryas. Presently, this is the most southwestern occurrence of the Vedde Ash. Our data make up the Eastern France Lateglacial tephrochrology and offer an additional chronological bridge between sedimentary sequences from northern and central Europe and those situated more westerly. They show the importance of the Laacher See Tephra and the Vedde Ash for palaeoenvironmental studies in western Europe since they are flanking the AllerödYounger Dryas transition and allow to compensate the lack of radiochronological data

    Response of littoral chironomid community and organic matter to late glacial lake level and environmental changes at Lago dell'Accesa (Tuscany, Italy).

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    International audienceThis study focuses on the response of lacustrine littoral chironomid communities to late glacial changes in limnological, environmental and climate conditions in the Mediterranean context. Late glacial chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblages, organic petrography and geochemistry were analysed in a sediment core from the littoral zone of Lago dell'Accesa (Tuscany, Italy), where the lake-level fluctuations and the vegetation history have been previously reconstructed. Comparison of the chironomid stratigraphy to other proxies (pollen assemblages, organic petrography and geochemistry, lake-level) and regional climate reconstruction suggested the predominant influence of lake-level changes on the littoral chironomid fauna. The main lowering events that occurred during the Oldest and the Younger Dryas were followed by higher proportions of taxa typical of littoral habitats. A complementary study of organic matter suggested the indirect impact of lake-level on the chironomids through changes in humic status and habitat characteristics, such as the type of substrate and aquatic macrophyte development. Several chironomid taxa, such as Glyptotendipes, Microtendipes and Cricotopus type patens, were identified as possible indicators of low lake-level in the late glacial records. Nevertheless, this study suggested that parallel analyses of organic matter and chironomid assemblages may be needed to circumvent misinterpretation of littoral chironomid assemblage stratigraphy. There was a weak response of the chironomid assemblages to small lake-level lowerings that corresponded to the Older Dryas and Preboreal oscillations. A higher level of determination, e.g. to the species group level, may be necessary to increase the sensibility of the indicators to lake-level changes

    Clay resources and technical choices for neolithic pottery (Chalain, Jura, France): chemical, mineralogical and grain-size analyses

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    Many authors have considered pottery manufacturing constraints and sociocultural elements as factors in change in past civilizations over time. The main issue of this research is to better understand the reasons for changes, or choices, in pottery raw materials. The very precise and detailed stratigraphy and cultural succession of occupations is based on dendrochronological data from the lake-dwelling sites of Chalain (Jura, France). Petrographic, palaeontological and chemical analyses were used to determine the nature and origins of the raw materials used by the Neolithic potters. Stratigraphy and dendrochronological data were used to reconstruct in detail the evolution dynamics of fabric changes. Several raw material sources were identified for many of the pottery groups. Each of them was sampled for qualitative experimental tests of pottery forming. The experimental results show a high variability between the sediments tested. This variability was quantitatively estimated by XRF, XRD, the Rietveld method, calcium carbonate quantification and laser grain-size analyses of matrices, indirect measures of plasticity. These analytical results allow a better understanding of the differences observed in the experimental tests. On the basis of these experimental and analytical results, changing parameters such as pottery manufacturing constraints, mineralogical characteristics of raw materials and sociocultural factors are considered. In conclusion, all the social and technical parameters, in each archaeological context, must be taken into account for a better understanding of the changes occurring throughout the chronological sequence
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