34,920 research outputs found
The neural correlates of phonological short-term memory: A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Neuropsychological reports and activation studies by means of positron emission tomography anti functional magnetic resonance imaging have suggested that the neural correlates of phonological short-term memory are located in the left hemisphere, with Brodmann's area (BA) 40 being, responsible for short-term storage and BA 44 for articulatory rehearsal. However, a careful review of the literature on the role of left BA 40 shows that the data are equivocal. We tested We hypotheses by means of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Participants performed four tasks: two phonological judgements, thought to require only articulatory rehearsal Without the contribution of short-term storage digit span, which involves both short-term storage and articudlatory rehearsal: and a pattern span, this last heing the control task. The sites of stimulation were left BA 40. left BA 44 anti the electrode location V-W plus a baseline without TMS. Reaction times increased and accuracy decreased in the case of the phonological judgement and digit span after stimulation of both left sites, suggesting that BA 40, in addition to BA 44. is involved in phonological judgements. Possible explanations are discussed, namely, the possibility that (i) the neural correlates of rehearsal are not limited to BA and (ii) phonological judgements invlove processes other than rehearsal. We also consider the effects of using different tasks and responses to resolve some of the descrepancies in the literature
Specific wavelength colorimeter
A self contained, specific wavelength, single beam colorimeter is described for direct spectrophotometric measurement of the concentration of a given solute in a test sample. An electrical circuit employing a photoconductive cell converts the optical output into a linear, directly readable meter output. The colorimeter is simple to operate and is adapted for use in zero gravity conditions. In a specific application, the colorimeter is designed to analyze the concentration of iodine in potable water carried aboard a space vehicle such as the 4B stage of Skylab
Exercise rehabilitation for recovery from critical illness (Protocol)
Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK.
As part of an ongoing research education programme.This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:
The objective of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of exercise rehabilitation programmes, initiated after ICU discharge, on improving functional exercise capacity and quality of life in adult ICU survivors who have been mechanically ventilated for more than 24 hours.
We will compare an exercise intervention to any other intervention or a control or 'usual care' programme. Exercise includes any structured or taught programmes. Respiratory or inspiratory muscle training is excluded due to it being initiated within the ICU environment, for example with weaning from a ventilator, and not as post-discharge rehabilitation as required for this review.sch_phyAngus 1997
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Angus 2003
Angus DC, Carlet J, Brussels Roundtable 2002 Participants.
Surviving intensive care: a report from the 2002 Brussels
Roundtable. Intensive Care Medicine 2003;29(3):368-77.
[PUBMED: 12536269 ]
Baumgartner 1999
Baumgartner WA,Walinsky PL, Salazar JD, Tseng EE, Brock MV,
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Burtin C, Clerckx B, Robbeets C, Ferdinande P, Langer D,
Troosters T, et al.Early exercise in critically ill patients enhances
short-term functional recovery. Critical Care Medicine 2009;37(9):
2499-505. [PUBMED: 19623052]
Chaboyer 2003
Chaboyer W, Grace J. Following the path of ICU survivors: a
quality improvement activity. Nursing in Critical Care 2003;8(4):
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Eddleston 2000
Eddleston J, White P, Guthrie E. Survival, morbidity, and quality of
life after discharge from intensive care. Critical Care Medicine 2000;
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Elliott 2006
Elliott D, McKinley S, Alison J, Aitken L, King M. Study protocol:
Home-based rehabilitation for survivors of a critical illness. Critical
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Fiatarone 1994
Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR,
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Fletcher S, Kennedy D, Ghosh I, Misra V, Kiff K, et al.Persistant
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Frank 2000
Frank M, Schlapfer H, Otte B, Yasikoff N, Conzelmann M. Results
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Gill 2002
Gill TM, Baker DI, Gottschalk M, Peduzzi PN, Allore H, Byers A.
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important to clinicians?. BMJ 2008;336:995-8. [PUBMED:
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Higgins 2008
Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic
Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008].
Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org: The Cochrane
Collaboration, 2008.
Iversen 2003
Iversen MD, Fossel AH, Katz JN. Enhancing function in older
adults with chronic low back pain: a pilot study of endurance
training. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84
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Jolliffe 2001
Jolliffe J, Rees K, Taylor RRS, Thompson DR, Oldridge N,
Ebrahim S. Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease.
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King J, Crowe J. Mobilisation practices in Canadian critical care
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Kouidi E. Exercise training in dialysis patients: why, when, and
how?. Artificial Organs 2002;26(12):1009-13. [PUBMED:
12460377]
Krishnan 2002
Krishnan KR, Delong M, Kraemer H, Carney R, Spiegel D,
Gordon C, et al.Comorbidity of depression with other medical
diseases in the elderly. Biological Psychiatry 2002;52(6):559-88.
[PUBMED: 12361669]
Lavie 2009
Lavie CJ, Thomas RJ, Squires RW, Allison TG, Milani RV. Exercise
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Martin M, Salim A, Murray J, Demetriades D, Belzberg H, Rhee P.
The decreasing incidence and mortality of acute respiratory distress
syndrome after injury: a 5-year observational study. Journal of
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Mazzeo RS, Tanaka H. Exercise prescription for the elderly: current
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Puhan MA, Busching G, Schunemann HJ, VanOort E, Zaugg C,
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Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008.
Schweickert 2009
Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, Nigos C, Pawlik AJ,
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mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised
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Smith TP, Kennedy SL, Smith M, Orent S, Fleshner M.
Physiological improvements and health benefits during an exercisebased
comprehensive rehabilitation program in medically complex
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Storch EK, Kruszynski DM. From rehabilitation to optimal
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Wiles L, Stiller K. Passive limb movements for patients in an
intensive care unit: A survey of physiotherapy practice in Australia.
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19819105]
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[PUBMED: 10894639]
Indicates the major publication for the study8pub1756pubArt.
The M87 Black Hole Mass From Gas-Dynamical Models Of Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Observations
The supermassive black hole of M87 is one of the most massive black holes known and has been the subject of several stellar and gas-dynamical mass measurements; however, the most recent revision to the stellar-dynamical black hole mass measurement is a factor of about two larger than the previous gas-dynamical determinations. Here, we apply comprehensive gas-dynamical models that include the propagation of emission-line profiles through the telescope and spectrograph optics to new Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. Unlike the previous gas-dynamical studies of M87, we map out the complete kinematic structure of the emission-line disk within similar to 40 pc from the nucleus, and find that a small amount of velocity dispersion internal to the gas disk is required to match the observed line widths. We examine a scenario in which the intrinsic velocity dispersion provides dynamical support to the disk, and determine that the inferred black hole mass increases by only 6%. Incorporating this effect into the error budget, we ultimately measure a mass of M-BH = (3.5(-0.7)(+0.9)) x 10(9)M circle dot (68% confidence). Our gas-dynamical black hole mass continues to differ from the most recent stellar-dynamical mass by a factor of two, underscoring the need for carrying out more cross-checks between the two main black hole mass measurement methods.NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship 1102845Space Telescope Science Institute 12162NASA NAS 5-26555NSF AST-1108835Astronom
The President's Day cyclone 17-19 February 1979: An analysis of jet streak interactions prior to cyclogenesis
The President's Day cyclone, produced record breaking snowfall along the East Coast of the United States in February 1979. Conventional radiosonde data, SMS GOES infrared imagery and LFM 2 model diagnostics were used to analyze the interaction of upper and lower tropospheric jet streaks prior to cyclogenesis. The analysis reveals that a series of complex scale interactive processes is responsible for the development of the intense cyclone. The evolution of the subsynoptic scale mass and momentum fields prior to and during the period of rapid development of the President's Day cyclone utilizing conventional data and SMS GOES imagery is documented. The interaction between upper and lower tropospheric jet streaks which occurred prior to the onset of cyclogenesis is discussed as well as the possible effects of terrain modified airflow within the precyclogenesis environment. Possible deficiencies in the LFM-2 initial wind fields that could have been responsible, in part, for the poor numerical forecast are examined
Structural sensitivity analysis: Methods, applications, and needs
Some innovative techniques applicable to sensitivity analysis of discretized structural systems are reviewed. These techniques include a finite-difference step-size selection algorithm, a method for derivatives of iterative solutions, a Green's function technique for derivatives of transient response, a simultaneous calculation of temperatures and their derivatives, derivatives with respect to shape, and derivatives of optimum designs with respect to problem parameters. Computerized implementations of sensitivity analysis and applications of sensitivity derivatives are also discussed. Finally, some of the critical needs in the structural sensitivity area are indicated along with Langley plans for dealing with some of these needs
Implications of climate change on flow regime affecting Atlantic salmon
International audienceThe UKCIP02 climate change scenarios (2070?2100) suggest that the UK climate will become warmer (an overall increase of 2.5?3°C), with temperature increases being greater in the summer and autumn than in the spring and winter seasons. In terms of precipitation, winters are expected to become wetter and summers drier throughout the UK. The effect of changes in the future climate on flow regimes are investigated for the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in a case study in an upland UK river. Using a hydraulic modelling approach, flows simulated across the catchment are assessed in terms of hydraulic characteristics (discharge per metre width, flow depths, flow velocities and Froude number). These, compared with suitable characteristics published in the literature for various life stages of Atlantic salmon, enable assessment of habitat suitability. Climate change factors have been applied to meteorological observations in the Eden catchment (north-west England) and effects on the flow regime have been investigated using the SHETRAN hydrological modelling system. High flows are predicted to increase by up to 1.5%; yet, a greater impact is predicted from decreasing low flows (e.g. a Q95 at the outlet of the study catchment may decrease to a Q85 flow). Reliability, Resilience and Vulnerability (RRV) analysis provides a statistical indication of the extent and effect of such changes on flows. Results show that future climate will decrease the percentage time the ideal minimum physical habitat requirements will be met. In the case of suitable flow depth for spawning activity at the outlet of the catchment, the percentage time may decrease from 100% under current conditions to 94% in the future. Such changes will have implications for the species under the Habitats Directive and for catchment ecological flow management strategies
A Stellar Dynamical Mass Measurement of the Black Hole in NGC 3998 from Keck Adaptive Optics Observations
We present a new stellar dynamical mass measurement of the black hole in the
nearby, S0 galaxy NGC 3998. By combining laser guide star adaptive optics
observations obtained with the OH-Suppressing Infrared Imaging Spectrograph on
the Keck II telescope with long-slit spectroscopy from the Hubble Space
Telescope and the Keck I telescope, we map out the stellar kinematics on both
small spatial scales, well within the black hole sphere of influence, and on
large scales. We find that the galaxy is rapidly rotating and exhibits a sharp
central peak in the velocity dispersion. Using the kinematics and the stellar
luminosity density derived from imaging observations, we construct
three-integral, orbit-based, triaxial stellar dynamical models. We find the
black hole has a mass of M_BH = (8.1_{-1.9}^{+2.0}) x 10^8 M_sun, with an
I-band stellar mass-to-light ratio of M/L = 5.0_{-0.4}^{+0.3} M_sun/L_sun
(3-sigma uncertainties), and that the intrinsic shape of the galaxy is very
round, but oblate. With the work presented here, NGC 3998 is now one of a very
small number of galaxies for which both stellar and gas dynamical modeling have
been used to measure the mass of the black hole. The stellar dynamical mass is
nearly a factor of four larger than the previous gas dynamical black hole mass
measurement. Given that this cross-check has so far only been attempted on a
few galaxies with mixed results, carrying out similar studies in other objects
is essential for quantifying the magnitude and distribution of the cosmic
scatter in the black hole mass - host galaxy relations.Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Observations of Global and Local Infall in NGC 1333
We report ``infall asymmetry'' in the HCO (1--0) and (3--2) lines toward
NGC 1333, extended over , a larger extent than has been
reported be fore, for any star-forming region. The infall asymmetry extends
over a major portion of the star-forming complex, and is not limited to a
single protostar, or to a single dense core, or to a single spectral line. It
seems likely that the infall asymmetry represents inward motions, and that
these motions are physically associated with the complex. Both blue-asymmetric
and red-asymmetric lines are seen, but in both the (3--2) and (1--0) lines of
HCO the vast majority of the asymmetric lines are blue, indicating inward
motions. The (3--2) line, tracing denser gas, has the spectra with the
strongest asymmetry and these spectra are associated with the protostars IRAS
4A and 4B, which most likely indicates a warm central source is affecting the
line profiles. The (3--2) and (1--0) lines usually have the same sense of
asymmetry in common positions, but their profiles differ significantly, and the
(1--0) line appears to trace motions on much larger spatial scales than does
the (3--2) line. Line profile models fit the spectra well, but do not strongly
constrain their parameters. The mass accretion rate of the inward motions is of
order 10 M/yr, similar to the ratio of stellar mass to cluster
age.Comment: 28 pages, 11 figures, 1 colour figur
Recommended from our members
Factors influencing utilisation of âfree-standingâ and âalongsideâ midwifery units for low-risk births in England: a mixed-methods study
Background
Midwifery-led units (MUs) are recommended for âlow-riskâ births by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence but according to the National Audit Office were not available in one-quarter of trusts in England in 2013 and, when available, were used by only a minority of the low-risk women for whom they should be suitable. This study explores why.
Objectives
To map the provision of MUs in England and explore barriers to and facilitators of their development and use; and to ascertain stakeholder views of interventions to address these barriers and facilitators.
Design
Mixed methods â first, MU access and utilisation across England was mapped; second, local media coverage of the closure of free-standing midwifery units (FMUs) were analysed; third, case studies were undertaken in six sites to explore the barriers and facilitators that have an impact on the development of MUs; and, fourth, by convening a stakeholder workshop, interventions to address the barriers and facilitators were discussed.
Setting
English NHS maternity services.
Participants
All trusts with maternity services.
Interventions
Establishing MUs.
Main outcome measures
Numbers and types of MUs and utilisation of MUs.
Results
Births in MUs across England have nearly tripled since 2011, to 15% of all births. However, this increase has occurred almost exclusively in alongside units, numbers of which have doubled. Births in FMUs have stayed the same and these units are more susceptible to closure. One-quarter of trusts in England have no MUs; in those that do, nearly all MUs are underutilised. The study findings indicate that most trust managers, senior midwifery managers and obstetricians do not regard their MU provision as being as important as their obstetric-led unit provision and therefore it does not get embedded as an equal and parallel component in the trustâs overall maternity package of care. The analysis illuminates how provision and utilisation are influenced by a complex range of factors, including the medicalisation of childbirth, financial constraints and institutional norms protecting the status quo.
Limitations
When undertaking the case studies, we were unable to achieve representativeness across social class in the womenâs focus groups and struggled to recruit finance directors for individual interviews. This may affect the transferability of our findings.
Conclusions
Although there has been an increase in the numbers and utilisation of MUs since 2011, significant obstacles remain to MUs reaching their full potential, especially FMUs. This includes the capacity and willingness of providers to address womenâs information needs. If these remain unaddressed at commissioner and provider level, childbearing womenâs access to MUs will continue to be restricted.
Future work
Work is needed on optimum approaches to improve decision-makersâ understanding and use of clinical and economic evidence in service design. Increasing womenâs access to information about MUs requires further studies of professionalsâ understanding and communication of evidence. The role of FMUs in the context of rural populations needs further evaluation to take into account user and community impact.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 8, No. 12. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information
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