CENTERS OF DOMESTICATION FOR CHINESE, SPANISH, AND BEANCAP SNAP BEAN POPULATIONS

INTRODUCTION: Snap beans were primarily developed in Europe after the Columbian Exchange through selection for low fiber pods, thicker pod walls, and pod stringlessness (Myers & Baggett, 1999). Abundant evidence supports separate domestications of dry beans in the Andean and Mesoamerican centers, and the best available evidence suggests that snap beans were derived from dry bean from both centers, although the majority descend from the Andean gene pool (Gepts, 1998). While most snap beans were developed in Europe, they are not exclusively found there. Snap beans may have also been developed in China, and there is evidence that at least one bean with low fiber pod traits may have been developed by Native Americans, viz. ‘Trail of Tears.’ Three unique bean populations from China, Spain, and North America have the potential to shed light on the broader development of snap beans and their dissemination pathways out of the Americas using modern molecular tools. The first of these populations is an uncatalogued collection of Chinese snap beans assembled from a trip in 1991 by Michael Dickson (Cornell Univ.) consisting of 58 genotypes. The second consists of a selection of 11 Spanish genotypes from the Misión Biológica de Galicia – CSIC (Pontevedra, Spain) collection. These are a subset of lines selected from this collection that possess edible pod traits (de Ron, personal communication). The last population, the BeanCAP diversity panels, consists 149 snap beans mostly from commercial bean lines in North America and Europe

2018 Tracking Report: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Grantmaking by U.S. Foundations

This report explores the scope and character of foundation funding for LGBTQ issues in the calendar year 2018. This 17th edition of the tracking report finds that foundation funding for LGBTQ issues hit a record high of $209.2 million — surpassing the$200 million mark for only the second time. The first was reported in 2016, when the philanthropic response to the Pulse Nightclub massacre drove annual funding to $202.3 million.The report finds the overall field of LGBTQ philanthropy widening, identifying a record number of grantmakers awarding LGBTQ funding. Analyzing 6,636 grants from a record 450 foundations, the annual tracking report remains the most comprehensive and reliable assessment of LGBTQ grantmaking by U.S. foundations available

Alternative Pasture and Forage Systems

This publication discusses some of the pasture and forage alternatives for use between mid-April and November. It provides information on forage species, grass mixtures, grass-legume mixtures, grazing systems, and forages for five 30-45 day periods. Tables and instructions to estimate costs and acreage requirements for forage production are also included

CENTERS OF DOMESTICATION FOR CHINESE, SPANISH, AND BEANCAP SNAP BEAN POPULATIONS

INTRODUCTION: Snap beans were primarily developed in Europe after the Columbian Exchange through selection for low fiber pods, thicker pod walls, and pod stringlessness (Myers & Baggett, 1999). Abundant evidence supports separate domestications of dry beans in the Andean and Mesoamerican centers, and the best available evidence suggests that snap beans were derived from dry bean from both centers, although the majority descend from the Andean gene pool (Gepts, 1998). While most snap beans were developed in Europe, they are not exclusively found there. Snap beans may have also been developed in China, and there is evidence that at least one bean with low fiber pod traits may have been developed by Native Americans, viz. ‘Trail of Tears.’ Three unique bean populations from China, Spain, and North America have the potential to shed light on the broader development of snap beans and their dissemination pathways out of the Americas using modern molecular tools. The first of these populations is an uncatalogued collection of Chinese snap beans assembled from a trip in 1991 by Michael Dickson (Cornell Univ.) consisting of 58 genotypes. The second consists of a selection of 11 Spanish genotypes from the Misión Biológica de Galicia – CSIC (Pontevedra, Spain) collection. These are a subset of lines selected from this collection that possess edible pod traits (de Ron, personal communication). The last population, the BeanCAP diversity panels, consists 149 snap beans mostly from commercial bean lines in North America and Europe

Control and Elimination of Quackgrass

This publication describes Quackgrass characteristics and identification information. Control methods such as intensive cultivation, special cropping, and chemical application recommendations are also included

Alternative Pasture and Forage Systems

The livestock producer must use the most economical system for raising cattle or sheep if he is to stay in business. This publication discusses some of the pasture and forage alternatives for use between mid-April and November

2017 Tracking Report: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Grantmaking by U.S. Foundations

This report captures foundation funding at a complicated moment, a year after we reported on the unprecedented but much-needed philanthropic response to the Pulse Nightclub Massacre that propelled philanthropic support for LGBTQ issues to the highest level ever recorded.In 2017, grantmaking by U.S. foundations in support of organizations and programs addressing LGBTQ issues totaled $185.8 million. This represents a decrease of over$16 million from the record-breaking $202.3 million reported in 2016 because, as expected, the more than$30 million in funds distributed in direct response to Pulse was highly focused in both scope and timing. When OneOrlando Fund grantmaking is excluded, LGBTQ funding increased by about $10.8 million, or six percent, in 2017, similar to the rate of growth in recent years

2015 Tracking Report: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Grantmaking by U.S. Foundations

This report explores the scope and character of foundation funding for LGBTQ issues in the calendar year 2015. The report analyzes 5,267 grants from 334 foundations, making it the most comprehensive assessment of LGBTQ funding available.In 2015, funding for LGBTQ issues reached a record high of $160.7 million. The report notes significant increases in funding for trans communities, grantmaking to address criminalization and criminal justice reform, and support for LGBTQ communities in the U.S. South.The report finds the overall field of LGBTQ philanthropy widening slightly to include a larger number of funders. However, growth slowed to less than 5 percent — as opposed to nearly 20 percent growth noted in the 2014 Tracking Report — on account of several core funders decreasing the depth of their support for LGBTQ issues