INTRODUCTION: Snap beans were primarily developed in Europe after the Columbian Exchange through selection for low fiber pods, thicker pod walls, and pod stringlessness (Myers & Baggett, 1999). Abundant evidence supports separate domestications of dry beans in the Andean and Mesoamerican centers, and the best available evidence suggests that snap beans were derived from dry bean from both centers, although the majority descend from the Andean gene pool (Gepts, 1998). While most snap beans were developed in Europe, they are not exclusively found there. Snap beans may have also been developed in China, and there is evidence that at least one bean with low fiber pod traits may have been developed by Native Americans, viz. ‘Trail of Tears.’ Three unique bean populations from China, Spain, and North America have the potential to shed light on the broader development of snap beans and their dissemination pathways out of the Americas using modern molecular tools. The first of these populations is an uncatalogued collection of Chinese snap beans assembled from a trip in 1991 by Michael Dickson (Cornell Univ.) consisting of 58 genotypes. The second consists of a selection of 11 Spanish genotypes from the Misión Biológica de Galicia – CSIC (Pontevedra, Spain) collection. These are a subset of lines selected from this collection that possess edible pod traits (de Ron, personal communication). The last population, the BeanCAP diversity panels, consists 149 snap beans mostly from commercial bean lines in North America and Europe

Myers, James R.

Wallace, Lyle

English

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University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 
3-2017 
CENTERS OF DOMESTICATION FOR CHINESE, SPANISH, AND 
BEANCAP SNAP BEAN POPULATIONS 
Lyle Wallace 
Oregon State University 
James R. Myers 
Oregon State University, james.myers@oregonstate.edu 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub 
Wallace, Lyle and Myers, James R., "CENTERS OF DOMESTICATION FOR CHINESE, SPANISH, AND 
BEANCAP SNAP BEAN POPULATIONS" (2017). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 1752. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/1752 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research 
Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in 
Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of 
Nebraska - Lincoln. 
147 
CENTERS OF DOMESTICATION FOR CHINESE, SPANISH, AND BEANCAP 
SNAP BEAN POPULATIONS 
 
Lyle Wallace and James R. Myers 
 
Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 
 
INTRODUCTION: Snap beans were primarily developed in Europe after the Columbian 
Exchange through selection for low fiber pods, thicker pod walls, and pod stringlessness (Myers 
& Baggett, 1999). Abundant evidence supports separate domestications of dry beans in the 
Andean and Mesoamerican centers, and the best available evidence suggests that snap beans 
were derived from dry bean from both centers, although the majority descend from the Andean 
gene pool (Gepts, 1998). While most snap beans were developed in Europe, they are not 
exclusively found there.  Snap beans may have also been developed in China, and there is 
evidence that at least one bean with low fiber pod traits may have been developed by Native 
Americans, viz. ‘Trail of Tears.’ Three unique bean populations from China, Spain, and North 
America have the potential to shed light on the broader development of snap beans and their 
dissemination pathways out of the Americas using modern molecular tools. The first of these 
populations is an uncatalogued collection of Chinese snap beans assembled from a trip in 1991 
by Michael Dickson (Cornell Univ.) consisting of 58 genotypes. The second consists of a 
selection of 11 Spanish genotypes from the Misión Biológica de Galicia – CSIC (Pontevedra, 
Spain) collection. These are a subset of lines selected from this collection that possess edible pod 
traits (de Ron, personal communication). The last population, the BeanCAP diversity panels, 
consists 149 snap beans mostly from commercial bean lines in North America and Europe.  
 
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from young trifoliate leaves 
using a CTAB method and genotyped by the Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory 
(Beltsville, MD) using the Illumina Infinium Genechip BARCBEAN6K_3 platform. The 
‘adegenet’ R package was used to perform principal coordinate analysis, visualize the analysis, 
and then perform a discriminate principal component analysis with two clusters.   
 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Three axis of the principal coordinates analysis accounted for 
50% of the variation with the first axis consisting of the Mesoamerican by Andean split. The 
Mesoamerican grouping consists mainly of heirloom pole bean accessions (Table 1). Notable 
Mesoamerican lines within the BeanCAP were ‘Trail of Tears’ and several Pole Blue Lake lines. 
Two old American heirloom snap beans were also of Mesoamerican origin, namely ‘Aunt Hattie’ 
and ‘Grandma Nellie’s Yellow Podded Mushroom Pole Bean.’ Eighty-six percent of the Chinese 
genotypes were Mesoamerican whereas only 8% of the snap bean BeanCAP were Mesoamerican 
in origin (Table 1).  
The plot showed Andean groupings for European Extra Fine with Bush Blue Lake snap 
beans on the second axis distinct from Romanos and phaseolin type ‘C’ snap beans. Both 
European Extra Fine and Bush Blue Lake types represent substantial mixing between centers of 
domestication. Intermediate to these two extremes were the majority of commercial bush snap 
bean cultivars. Very few of Spanish accessions were of Mesoamerican origin (Table 1), with the 
majority of these grouping with Romano types. Refugee types formed a distinct group within the 
Andean center, but may have had some introgression from Mesoamerican germplasm distinct 
from what occurred with Bush Blue Lake snap beans.  
148 
Considering that the BeanCAP is representative of North American and European commercial 
lines and commercial breeding materials, the high number of Mesoamerican lines within the 
Chinese population could be a source of new germplasm and new traits for breeders and 
geneticists.  
 
Table 1. Categorization of genotypes by center of origin based on a discriminate analysis 
of principle components with 2 clusters. An Andean origin is indicated by a “1” and a 
Mesoamerican origin is indicated by a “2”.  
 
REFERENCES 
Gepts, P. (1998) Origin and Evolution of Common Bean: Past Events and Recent Trends. 
HortScience 33: 1124-1130. 
Myers, J.R., and J.R. Baggett. 1999. Improvement of snap beans. p. 289-329. In: Singh, S. 
(ed.) Common Bean Improvement for the 21st Century.  Kluwer Acad. Publ., Boston. 
  
Accession Origin Accession Origin Accesson Origin Accession Origin Accession Origin Accession Origin
Chinese genotypes 91-3008 2 Benton 1 Gallatin_50 1 Paloma 1 Tapia 1
91-1009 2 91-3013 2 Black_Valentine 1 Galveston 1 Panama 1 Tendercrop 1
91-1028 2 91-3110 1 Blue_Peter_Pole 2 Gina 1 Paulista 1 Tendergreen 1
91-1033 2 91-3225 2 Bogota 1 Gold_mine 1 Pix 1 Teseo 1
91-1073 2 91-3255 2 Booster 1 Goldrush 1 Polder 1 Thoroughbred 1
91-1096 2 91-3346 2 Brio 1 Green_Arrow 1 Pole_Blue_Lake 2 Titan 1
91-1098 2 91-3389 2 Brittle_Wax 1 Grenoble 1 Pole_Blue_Lake_S7 2 Top_Crop 1
91-1104 2 91-3405 2 Bronco 1 Hayden 1 Pretoria 1 Trail_of_Tears 2
91-1145 2 91-3436 2 Cadillac 1 Hercules 1 Profit 1 True_Blue 1
91-1215 1 91-3588 1 Calgreen 1 Hialeah 1 Prosperity 1 Ulysses 1
91-1285 2 91-3594 2 Carlo 1 Hystyle 1 Provider 1 Unidor 1
91-1309 1 91-3709 2 Carson 1 Idaho_Refugee 1 Redon 1 US_5_Refugee 1
91-1443 1 91-3736 2 Castano 1 Igloo 1 Renegade 1 Valentino 1
91-1542 2 91-3857 2 Catania 1 Impact 1 Rocdor 1 Venture 1
91-1555 2 91-3915 2 Celtic 1 Jade 1 Rockport 1 Warrior 1
91-1574 1 91-3918 2 Charon 1 Kentucky_Wonder 2 Roller 1 Widusa 2
91-1613 2 91-3921 2 Cherokee 1 Koala 1 Roma_II 1 Zeus 1
91-1643 2 91-3982 2 Coloma 1 Kylian 1 Romano_118 1 Zodiac 1
91-1664 2 Contender 1 Labrador 1 Romano_Gold 1
91-1672 2 Spanish genotypes Corbette_Refugee 1 Landmark 1 Royal_Burgundy 1 BeanCAP dry beans
91-1728 2 PHA0008 1 Cyclone 1 Landreths_Stringless 1 Saporro 1 Montcalm 1
91-1738 1 PHA0112 1 Dandy 1 Magnum 1 Scorpio 1 Olathe 2
91-1748 2 PHA0192 1 Derby 1 Masai 1 Seabiscuit 1 Seafarer 2
91-1750 2 PHA0224 2 DoraI 1 Matador 1 Secretariat 1 Gloria 2
91-1755 2 PHA0272 1 Dusky 1 McCaslan_42 2 Selecta 1
91-1759 2 PHA0315 2 Dutch_Double_White 2 Medinah 1 Serengeti 1 Heirloom genotypes
91-1768 2 PHA0319 1 Eagle 1 Mercury 1 Serin 1 Aunt_Ada 1
91-1772 2 PHA0385 1 Ebro 1 Minuette 1 Seville 1 Aunt_Hattie 2
91-1892 2 PHA0401 1 Embassy 1 Navarro 1 Shade 1 Cosse_Violette 2
91-1940 2 PHA0402 1 Envy 1 Nicelo 1 Sirio 1 Grandma_Nellies 2
91-1976 2 PHA0453 1 Espada 1 Nomad 1 Slenderella 1 Guatemalan_hierloom 2
91-1989 2 Esquire 1 Normandie 1 Slenderpack 1 Hidatsa_Shield_Figure 1
91-2093 2 BeanCAP snap beans EZ_Pick 2 NY6020_5 1 Sonesta 1 New_Mexico_Cave 2
91-2094 2 Acclaim 1 Ferrari 1 Opus 1 Spartacus 1 Swiss_Landfrauen 1
91-2095 2 Angers 1 Festina 1 Oregon_1604M 1 Speedy 1
91-2096 2 Astun 1 Flavio 1 Oregon_2065 2 Stallion 1 Other genotypes
91-2097 2 Balsas 1 Flavor_Sweet 1 Oregon_5402 1 Stayton 1 FM1_Pole_Blue_Lake 2
91-2099 2 Banga 1 Flo 1 Oregon_5630 1 Storm 1
91-2100 2 BBL156 1 Fortex 2 Oregon_91G 1 Strike 1
91-2101 2 BBL274 1 FR_266 1 Oregon_Giant_Pole 2 Stringless_French 1
91-2102 1 Benchmark 1 Fury 1 Palati 1 Summit 1


CENTERS OF DOMESTICATION FOR CHINESE, SPANISH, AND BEANCAP SNAP BEAN POPULATIONS

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 3-2017 CENTERS OF DOMESTICATION FOR CHINESE, SPANISH, AND BEANCAP SNAP BEAN POPULATIONS Lyle Wallace Oregon State University James R. Myers Oregon State University, james.myers@oregonstate.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Wallace, Lyle and Myers, James R., "CENTERS OF DOMESTICATION FOR CHINESE, SPANISH, AND BEANCAP SNAP BEAN POPULATIONS" (2017). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 1752. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/1752 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 147 CENTERS OF DOMESTICATION FOR CHINESE, SPANISH, AND BEANCAP SNAP BEAN POPULATIONS  Lyle Wallace and James R. Myers  Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331  INTRODUCTION: Snap beans were primarily developed in Europe after the Columbian Exchange through selection for low fiber pods, thicker pod walls, and pod stringlessness (Myers & Baggett, 1999). Abundant evidence supports separate domestications of dry beans in the Andean and Mesoamerican centers, and the best available evidence suggests that snap beans were derived from dry bean from both centers, although the majority descend from the Andean gene pool (Gepts, 1998). While most snap beans were developed in Europe, they are not exclusively found there.  Snap beans may have also been developed in China, and there is evidence that at least one bean with low fiber pod traits may have been developed by Native Americans, viz. ‘Trail of Tears.’ Three unique bean populations from China, Spain, and North America have the potential to shed light on the broader development of snap beans and their dissemination pathways out of the Americas using modern molecular tools. The first of these populations is an uncatalogued collection of Chinese snap beans assembled from a trip in 1991 by Michael Dickson (Cornell Univ.) consisting of 58 genotypes. The second consists of a selection of 11 Spanish genotypes from the Misión Biológica de Galicia – CSIC (Pontevedra, Spain) collection. These are a subset of lines selected from this collection that possess edible pod traits (de Ron, personal communication). The last population, the BeanCAP diversity panels, consists 149 snap beans mostly from commercial bean lines in North America and Europe.   MATERIAL AND METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from young trifoliate leaves using a CTAB method and genotyped by the Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory (Beltsville, MD) using the Illumina Infinium Genechip BARCBEAN6K_3 platform. The ‘adegenet’ R package was used to perform principal coordinate analysis, visualize the analysis, and then perform a discriminate principal component analysis with two clusters.    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Three axis of the principal coordinates analysis accounted for 50% of the variation with the first axis consisting of the Mesoamerican by Andean split. The Mesoamerican grouping consists mainly of heirloom pole bean accessions (Table 1). Notable Mesoamerican lines within the BeanCAP were ‘Trail of Tears’ and several Pole Blue Lake lines. Two old American heirloom snap beans were also of Mesoamerican origin, namely ‘Aunt Hattie’ and ‘Grandma Nellie’s Yellow Podded Mushroom Pole Bean.’ Eighty-six percent of the Chinese genotypes were Mesoamerican whereas only 8% of the snap bean BeanCAP were Mesoamerican in origin (Table 1).  The plot showed Andean groupings for European Extra Fine with Bush Blue Lake snap beans on the second axis distinct from Romanos and phaseolin type ‘C’ snap beans. Both European Extra Fine and Bush Blue Lake types represent substantial mixing between centers of domestication. Intermediate to these two extremes were the majority of commercial bush snap bean cultivars. Very few of Spanish accessions were of Mesoamerican origin (Table 1), with the majority of these grouping with Romano types. Refugee types formed a distinct group within the Andean center, but may have had some introgression from Mesoamerican germplasm distinct from what occurred with Bush Blue Lake snap beans.  148 Considering that the BeanCAP is representative of North American and European commercial lines and commercial breeding materials, the high number of Mesoamerican lines within the Chinese population could be a source of new germplasm and new traits for breeders and geneticists.   Table 1. Categorization of genotypes by center of origin based on a discriminate analysis of principle components with 2 clusters. An Andean origin is indicated by a “1” and a Mesoamerican origin is indicated by a “2”.   REFERENCES Gepts, P. (1998) Origin and Evolution of Common Bean: Past Events and Recent Trends. HortScience 33: 1124-1130. Myers, J.R., and J.R. Baggett. 1999. Improvement of snap beans. p. 289-329. In: Singh, S. (ed.) Common Bean Improvement for the 21st Century.  Kluwer Acad. Publ., Boston.   Accession Origin Accession Origin Accesson Origin Accession Origin Accession Origin Accession OriginChinese genotypes 91-3008 2 Benton 1 Gallatin_50 1 Paloma 1 Tapia 191-1009 2 91-3013 2 Black_Valentine 1 Galveston 1 Panama 1 Tendercrop 191-1028 2 91-3110 1 Blue_Peter_Pole 2 Gina 1 Paulista 1 Tendergreen 191-1033 2 91-3225 2 Bogota 1 Gold_mine 1 Pix 1 Teseo 191-1073 2 91-3255 2 Booster 1 Goldrush 1 Polder 1 Thoroughbred 191-1096 2 91-3346 2 Brio 1 Green_Arrow 1 Pole_Blue_Lake 2 Titan 191-1098 2 91-3389 2 Brittle_Wax 1 Grenoble 1 Pole_Blue_Lake_S7 2 Top_Crop 191-1104 2 91-3405 2 Bronco 1 Hayden 1 Pretoria 1 Trail_of_Tears 291-1145 2 91-3436 2 Cadillac 1 Hercules 1 Profit 1 True_Blue 191-1215 1 91-3588 1 Calgreen 1 Hialeah 1 Prosperity 1 Ulysses 191-1285 2 91-3594 2 Carlo 1 Hystyle 1 Provider 1 Unidor 191-1309 1 91-3709 2 Carson 1 Idaho_Refugee 1 Redon 1 US_5_Refugee 191-1443 1 91-3736 2 Castano 1 Igloo 1 Renegade 1 Valentino 191-1542 2 91-3857 2 Catania 1 Impact 1 Rocdor 1 Venture 191-1555 2 91-3915 2 Celtic 1 Jade 1 Rockport 1 Warrior 191-1574 1 91-3918 2 Charon 1 Kentucky_Wonder 2 Roller 1 Widusa 291-1613 2 91-3921 2 Cherokee 1 Koala 1 Roma_II 1 Zeus 191-1643 2 91-3982 2 Coloma 1 Kylian 1 Romano_118 1 Zodiac 191-1664 2 Contender 1 Labrador 1 Romano_Gold 191-1672 2 Spanish genotypes Corbette_Refugee 1 Landmark 1 Royal_Burgundy 1 BeanCAP dry beans91-1728 2 PHA0008 1 Cyclone 1 Landreths_Stringless 1 Saporro 1 Montcalm 191-1738 1 PHA0112 1 Dandy 1 Magnum 1 Scorpio 1 Olathe 291-1748 2 PHA0192 1 Derby 1 Masai 1 Seabiscuit 1 Seafarer 291-1750 2 PHA0224 2 DoraI 1 Matador 1 Secretariat 1 Gloria 291-1755 2 PHA0272 1 Dusky 1 McCaslan_42 2 Selecta 191-1759 2 PHA0315 2 Dutch_Double_White 2 Medinah 1 Serengeti 1 Heirloom genotypes91-1768 2 PHA0319 1 Eagle 1 Mercury 1 Serin 1 Aunt_Ada 191-1772 2 PHA0385 1 Ebro 1 Minuette 1 Seville 1 Aunt_Hattie 291-1892 2 PHA0401 1 Embassy 1 Navarro 1 Shade 1 Cosse_Violette 291-1940 2 PHA0402 1 Envy 1 Nicelo 1 Sirio 1 Grandma_Nellies 291-1976 2 PHA0453 1 Espada 1 Nomad 1 Slenderella 1 Guatemalan_hierloom 291-1989 2 Esquire 1 Normandie 1 Slenderpack 1 Hidatsa_Shield_Figure 191-2093 2 BeanCAP snap beans EZ_Pick 2 NY6020_5 1 Sonesta 1 New_Mexico_Cave 291-2094 2 Acclaim 1 Ferrari 1 Opus 1 Spartacus 1 Swiss_Landfrauen 191-2095 2 Angers 1 Festina 1 Oregon_1604M 1 Speedy 191-2096 2 Astun 1 Flavio 1 Oregon_2065 2 Stallion 1 Other genotypes91-2097 2 Balsas 1 Flavor_Sweet 1 Oregon_5402 1 Stayton 1 FM1_Pole_Blue_Lake 291-2099 2 Banga 1 Flo 1 Oregon_5630 1 Storm 191-2100 2 BBL156 1 Fortex 2 Oregon_91G 1 Strike 191-2101 2 BBL274 1 FR_266 1 Oregon_Giant_Pole 2 Stringless_French 191-2102 1 Benchmark 1 Fury 1 Palati 1 Summit 1

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CENTERS OF DOMESTICATION FOR CHINESE, SPANISH, AND BEANCAP SNAP BEAN POPULATIONS

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