Through the Hermit\u27s Shell - The Regulation of NGOs in North Korea

North Korea gained the moniker “Hermit Kingdom” as the country largely withdrew from interactions with the West during the Cold War. However, NGOs have quietly worked within the country since a famine in the mid-1990s pressured the North Korean government to request international aid. How did these NGOs begin operations in North Korea? How are the rules and regulations governing these NGOs decided? This research attempts to answer these questions through interviews with individuals who have worked or are currently working in North Korea, as well as, through related literature, both academic and non-academic. The findings are as follows: the rules that apply to each organization contain general trends, but are determined on a one-by-one basis with several key factors heavily influencing what regulations apply. Case studies are included to illustrate this point as well as a discussion of the influence NGOs have on North Korean policies

Fine-Particle Charging-Rate-Limit Modification to Grain Dynamics in Abrupt and Gradual Inhomogeneities

Gyro-phase drift is a guiding center drift that is directly dependent on the charging rate limit of dust grains. The effect of introducing a gyro-phase-dependence on the grain charge leads to two orthogonal components of guiding-center drift. One component, referred to here as grad-q drift results from the time-varying, gyro-phase angle dependent, in-situ-equilibrium grain charge, assuming that the grain charging is instantaneous. For this component, the grain is assumed to be always in its in-situ-equilibrium charge state and this state gyro-synchronously varies with respect to the grain\u27s average charge state. The other component, referred to here as the gyro-phase drift, arises from any non-instantaneous-charging-induced modification of the grad-q drift and points in the direction associated with increasing magnitude of in-situ-equilibrium charge state. Gyro-synchronous grain charge modulation may arise from either abrupt or gradual inhomogeneity in plasma conditions. In the abrupt inhomogeneity, q1 is the in-situ-equilibrium charge on one side of the inhomogeneity, q2 is the in-situ equilibrium charge on the other side, q1 Gyro-synchronous grain charge modulation may arise from either abrupt or gradual inhomogeneity in plasma conditions. In the abrupt inhomogeneity, q1 is the in-situ-equilibrium charge on one side of the inhomogeneity, q2 is the in-situ equilibrium charge on the other side, q1

The Cosmic Covenant in the Letter to the Hebrews

The Topic The cosmic covenant in Hebrews reflects three main ideas: There exists a close affinity between the letter and Enochic Judaism; the letter is a product of Roman Gentile Christianity that emerged as a response to Jewish particularists in the Second Temple covenantal debate; and the writer\u27s cosmic perspective had the simultaneous effect of supplanting and universalizing the Jewish covenantal concept. The Purpose The thesis offered here is that Hebrews presupposes a notion of cosmic covenant similar to that found in Enochic Judaism. Conclusions What has emerged is support for how the universalistic scope of 1 Enoch and its strong cosmic-eschatological outlook are framed by a reformulation of the Jewish covenant and undergirded by a critical stance toward the national cultus. These theological tendencies in the works provide an important framework for understanding the distinctiveness of the new cosmic covenant elaborated in the Letter to the Hebrews

Studies In Organic Synthesis: I Demethylation Of Methyl Enol Ethers And Methyl Aryl Ethers Ii Toward Sexiphenylene Iii Toward A New Method For Vinylcyclopropanation

Cycloseychellene, a tetracyclic sesquiterpene, has been a synthetic target of our group for some time and earlier work had ended with the preparation of a methyl enol ether intermediate. A possible pathway for the completion of this total synthesis had, as its key step, an intramolecular Prins (ene) reaction. Studies were conducted in order to examine possible methods for the formation of the enolate which this approach required. The possible use of a silyl enol ether, as the enolate precursor, was examined in a model study, but the preparation of the enol ether was not successful. In addition, model studies examined the demethylating ability of lithium dimethylamide for methyl aryl ethers and a methyl enol ether. It was thought that lithium dimethylamide might serve to demethylate the methyl enol ether intermediate prepared earlier, provide the necessary enolate, and so set the stage for the intramolecular Prins (ene) reaction. Although lithium dimethylamide was found to be a reasonably useful demethylating agent for aryl methyl ethers, no demethylation of the enol ether was observed.;Buckminsterfullerene possesses an equatorial belt of five benzene rings joined at the para positions. Although the cyclic oligoparaphenylenes (COPs) have yet to be synthesized, the knowledge gained from their preparation and the physical and electronic properties they possess, should provide further insight into the understanding of aromaticity. Central to our synthetic approach to (O{dollar}\sb6{dollar}) paracyclophane, or sexiphenylene as we refer to it, is the reductive dimerization of a dicarbonyl compound via McMurry reactions. The preparation of this diketone was successful, but attempts to achieve its reductive dimerization were not successful.;Organic chemists have found vinylcyclopropanes to be effective synthetic intermediates. Although these compounds can be prepared by a variety of methods, many of these approaches are of the multi-step variety. In order to add to the current collection of one-pot procedures, we have investigated an approach centred on the vinylcyclopropanation of {dollar}\alpha,\beta{dollar}-unsaturated ketones. At the heart of this strategy was a two step (one pot) operation consisting of a conjugate addition followed by an intramolecular S{dollar}\sb{lcub}\rm N{rcub}\sp\prime{dollar} displacement of a silyloxy group from an allylic position. The conjugative delivery of an appropriately silyloxyated vinyl anion was effected by higher-order organocuprate reagents. Efforts to induce the expulsion of two different silyloxy groups were not successful

The Fed's entry into check clearing reconsidered

Check collection systems ; Federal Reserve System

Does a Rigid Body Limit Maneuverability?

Whether a rigid body limits maneuverability depends on how maneuverability is defined. By the current definition, the minimum radius of the turn, a rigid-bodied, spotted boxfish Ostracion meleagris approaches maximum maneuverability, i.e. it can spin around with minimum turning radii near zero. The radius of the minimum space required to turn is an alternative measure of maneuverability. By this definition, O. meleagris is not very maneuverable. The observed space required by O. meleagris to turn is slightly greater than its theoretical minimum but much greater than that of highly flexible fish. Agility, the rate of turning, is related to maneuverability. The median- and pectoral-fin-powered turns of O. meleagris are slow relative to the body- and caudal-fin-powered turns of more flexible fish

Rotational Lift: Something different or more of the same?

This paper addresses the question, do the rotational forces in the hovering fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster reflect something different (the Magnus effect) or more of the same (circulatory-and-attached-vortex force)? The results of an unsteady blade-element model using empirically derived force coefficients from translating (root-oscillating) wings are compared with recent results derived from both the measured forces on a dynamically scaled Drosophila wing and the computational fluid dynamic (CFD)-modeled forces on a virtual Drosophila wing. The behavior of the forces in all three models during wing rotation supports the hypothesis that rotational lift is not a novel aerodynamic mechanism but is caused by the same fluid-dynamic mechanism that occurs during wing translation. A comparison of the unsteady model with a quasi-steady model that employs empirically derived rotational coefficients further supports the hypothesis that rotational forces are more of the same. Finally, the overall similarity of the results between the unsteady model, the physical wing model and the CFD model suggests that the unsteady model can be used to explore the performance consequences of kinematic variation and to investigate locomotor control in freely moving animals

Dynamics of Pectoral Fin Rowing in a Fish with an Extreme Rowing Stroke: The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

The dynamics of pectoral fin rowing in the threespine stickleback are investigated by measuring the instantaneous force balance on freely swimming fish throughout the stroke cycle and comparing the measured forces with fin motions and an unsteady, blade-element model of pectoral fin propulsion. Both measured and modeled forces suggest that attached vortex and circulatory forces and not inertial (added mass) forces dominate the force balance. Peak forces occur at midstrokes. There is no evidence for large force peaks at the stroke transitions due to either rapid fin rotation (supination) or rapid fin closure against the body. The energetics of pectoral fin rowing are estimated using the unsteady blade-element model and an indirect method based on the center of mass dynamics. The results indicate that the mechanical efficiency of pectoral fin rowing is low (0.1-0.3) relative to a flapping mechanism and possibly relative to axial undulation at comparable speeds