Male and female fertility in triploid grapes (Vitis complex) with special reference to the production of aneuploid plants

To produce aneuploid plants, the extent of male and female fertility in triploid grapes was studied using 187 tri-ploid hybrid plants obtained from 2x x 4x and 4x x 2x crosses. In the triploid plants, pollen germination rates examined on agar medium ranged from 0 to 5.88 % (average: 0.24 %). In 86 out of the 187 triploid plants none of the pollen grains germinated. In the 3x x 2x and 3x x 4x crosses, 10 triploid plants showing more than 1 % pollen germination  rates  produced  191  seeds  from  7,692 pollinations and 109 seeds from 3,862 pollinations, respectively, whereas 10 triploid plants showing no pollen germination produced 98 seeds from 5,282 pollinations and 141 seeds from 5,293 pollinations, respectively. In the 3x x 2x and 3x x 4x crosses, the percentage of ovules developing into seeds varied in different triploid hybrid plants and ranged from 0.1 to 2.3 %. Of 8 aneuploid plants derived from the 3x x 2x and 3x x 4x crosses, one grew normally, three showed slow growth rates and 5 plants died after germination. These results suggest that in triploid grapes (1) there is no relationship between the degree of male fertility and that of female fertility, but the degree of the fertility is a triploid-plant-specific character, (2) female fertility is slightly higher than male fertility, and (3) male and female fertility is very low but aneuploid plants can be produced if triploid grapes with more than 0.3 % female fertility are used as seed parents

KRITERIA MEMILIH PASANGAN HIDUP DALAM MEMBENTUK KELUARGA SAKINAH

AbstrakPokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah Kriteria Memilih Pasangan Hidup Dalam Membentuk Keluarga Sakinah (Study Kasus Mahasiswa Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Alauddin Makassar). Pokok masalah dibagi menjadi dua sub masalah yakni: 1. Bagaimana Kriteria Memilih Pasangan Hidup Dalam Membentuk Keluarga Sakinah Mahasiswa Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Alauddin Makassar. ? 2. Bagaimana Pandangan hukum Islam terhadap kriteria memilih pasangan hidup Dalam Membentuk Keluarga Sakinah Mahasiswa Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Alauddin Makassar.? Penelitian Kualitatif Deskriptif merupakan jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini, yaitu berupa penelitian lapangan. Adapun sumber data penelitian ini adalah Mahasiswa Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Alauddin Makassar. Selanjutnya, metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Lalu teknik pengolahan dan analisis data dilakukan dengan melalui tiga tahapan yaitu: Reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa fakultas syariah dan hukum yang mana telah mengetahui hadis tersebut dan memahaminya. 1) Dalam praktik kehidupan terdapat tiga orang dengan kriteria agama sebagai prioritas utama, dua orang dengan kriteria kecantikan sebagai ptioritas utama, dan satu orang dengan tanpa kriteria khusus atau dengan kata lain atas dasar cinta dan mau menerima apa adanya. 2) Islam memberikan pedoman dalam memilih pasangan antara lain: perempuan yang salehah (taat beragama), perempuan yang memiliki nasab yang jelas, perempuan yang produktif (subur) dan perempuan yang perawan. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) Pasangan yang belum menikah bukan salah jika kita harus mempertimbangkan pasangan yang akan kita nikahi, dan sebaiknya mendahulukan bagaiman ketaatan pasangan kepada agamanya. 2) Bagi setiap pasangan yang hendak menikah mengikuti dan memperbanyak ilmu terkait keluarga sakinah mawaddah wa rahmah

Insights into the mechanism of diurnal variations in methane emission from the stem surfaces of Alnus japonica

木の中にガスパイプライン？ --ガス漏れの場所を特定せよ！--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-07-15.Recent studies have suggested that in certain environments, tree stems emit methane (CH₄). This study explored the mechanism of CH₄ emission from the stem surfaces of Alnus japonica in a riparian wetland. Stem CH₄ emission rates and sap flux were monitored year-round, and fine-root anatomy was investigated. CH₄ emission rates were estimated using a closed-chamber method. Sap flux was measured using Granier-type thermal dissipation probes. Root anatomy was studied using both optical and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. CH₄ emissions during the leafy season exhibited a diurnally changing component superimposed upon an underlying continuum in which the diurnal variation was in phase with sap flux. We propose a model in which stem CH₄ emission involves at least two processes: a sap flux-dependent component responsible for the diurnal changes, and a sap flux-independent component responsible for the background continuum. The contribution ratios of the two processes are season-dependent. The background continuum possibly resulted from the diffusive transport of gaseous CH₄ from the roots to the upper trunk. Root anatomy analysis indicated that the intercellular space of the cortex and empty xylem cells in fine roots could serve as a passageway for transport of gaseous CH₄

Predicting effects of climate change on productivity and persistence of forest trees

Global climate change increases uncertainty in sustained functioning of forest ecosystems. Forest canopies are a key link between terrestrial ecosystems, the atmosphere, and climate. Here, we introduce research presented at the 66th meeting of the Ecological Society of Japan in the symposium “Structure and function of forest canopies under climate change.” Old-growth forest carbon stores are the largest and may be the most vulnerable to climate change as the balance between sequestration and emission could easily be tipped. Detailed structural analysis of individual large, old trees shows they are allocating wood to the trunk and crown in patterns that cannot be deduced from ground, thus can be used to more accurately quantify total forest carbon and sequestration. Slowly migrating species sensitive to novel climatic conditions will have to acclimate at the individual level. Accounting for physiological responses of trees to climate change will improve predictions of future species distributions and subsequent functioning of forest ecosystems. Field experiments manipulating temperature and precipitation show how trees compensate physiologically to mitigate for higher temperatures and drought. However, it is difficult to measure acclimation responses over long timeframes. Intraindividual trait variation is proposed as an indicator of acclimation potential of trees to future conditions and suggests that acclimation potential may vary among regional populations within a species. Integrating whole-tree structural data with physiological data offers a promising avenue for understanding how trees will respond to climatic shifts

Fuzzy Fibers: Uncertainty in dMRI Tractography

Fiber tracking based on diffusion weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) allows for noninvasive reconstruction of fiber bundles in the human brain. In this chapter, we discuss sources of error and uncertainty in this technique, and review strategies that afford a more reliable interpretation of the results. This includes methods for computing and rendering probabilistic tractograms, which estimate precision in the face of measurement noise and artifacts. However, we also address aspects that have received less attention so far, such as model selection, partial voluming, and the impact of parameters, both in preprocessing and in fiber tracking itself. We conclude by giving impulses for future research

Erratum: Author Correction: Identification of genes required for eye development by high-throughput screening of mouse knockouts.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0226-0.]

PosMed (Positional Medline): prioritizing genes with an artificial neural network comprising medical documents to accelerate positional cloning

PosMed (http://omicspace.riken.jp/) prioritizes candidate genes for positional cloning by employing our original database search engine GRASE, which uses an inferential process similar to an artificial neural network comprising documental neurons (or ‘documentrons’) that represent each document contained in databases such as MEDLINE and OMIM. Given a user-specified query, PosMed initially performs a full-text search of each documentron in the first-layer artificial neurons and then calculates the statistical significance of the connections between the hit documentrons and the second-layer artificial neurons representing each gene. When a chromosomal interval(s) is specified, PosMed explores the second-layer and third-layer artificial neurons representing genes within the chromosomal interval by evaluating the combined significance of the connections from the hit documentrons to the genes. PosMed is, therefore, a powerful tool that immediately ranks the candidate genes by connecting phenotypic keywords to the genes through connections representing not only gene–gene interactions but also other biological interactions (e.g. metabolite–gene, mutant mouse–gene, drug–gene, disease–gene and protein–protein interactions) and ortholog data. By utilizing orthologous connections, PosMed facilitates the ranking of human genes based on evidence found in other model species such as mouse. Currently, PosMed, an artificial superbrain that has learned a vast amount of biological knowledge ranging from genomes to phenomes (or ‘omic space’), supports the prioritization of positional candidate genes in humans, mouse, rat and Arabidopsis thaliana