72 research outputs found

    Finding the signal in the noise: Could social media be utilized for early hospital notification of multiple casualty events?

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    IntroductionDelayed notification and lack of early information hinder timely hospital based activations in large scale multiple casualty events. We hypothesized that Twitter real-time data would produce a unique and reproducible signal within minutes of multiple casualty events and we investigated the timing of the signal compared with other hospital disaster notification mechanisms.MethodsUsing disaster specific search terms, all relevant tweets from the event to 7 days post-event were analyzed for 5 recent US based multiple casualty events (Boston Bombing [BB], SF Plane Crash [SF], Napa Earthquake [NE], Sandy Hook [SH], and Marysville Shooting [MV]). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of tweet utilization were compared across events.ResultsOver 3.8 million tweets were analyzed (SH 1.8 m, BB 1.1m, SF 430k, MV 250k, NE 205k). Peak tweets per min ranged from 209-3326. The mean followers per tweeter ranged from 3382-9992 across events. Retweets were tweeted a mean of 82-564 times per event. Tweets occurred very rapidly for all events (<2 mins) and represented 1% of the total event specific tweets in a median of 13 minutes of the first 911 calls. A 200 tweets/min threshold was reached fastest with NE (2 min), BB (7 min), and SF (18 mins). If this threshold was utilized as a signaling mechanism to place local hospitals on standby for possible large scale events, in all case studies, this signal would have preceded patient arrival. Importantly, this threshold for signaling would also have preceded traditional disaster notification mechanisms in SF, NE, and simultaneous with BB and MV.ConclusionsSocial media data has demonstrated that this mechanism is a powerful, predictable, and potentially important resource for optimizing disaster response. Further investigated is warranted to assess the utility of prospective signally thresholds for hospital based activation

    Increased risk donor criteria: The time for change is now

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    Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155965/1/ctr13879.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155965/2/ctr13879_am.pd

    Not Dying Alone — Modern Compassionate Care in the Covid-19 Pandemic

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    http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156077/1/nejmp2007781.pdfSEL

    Frailty Is Associated With Increased Rates of Acute Cellular Rejection Within 3 Months After Liver Transplantation

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    Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154606/1/lt25690.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154606/2/lt25690_am.pd

    Relations de Genre, Structures D\ue9mographiques des M\ue9nages et Scolarisation des Jeunes au Cameroun

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    This study investigates how households in Cameroon deal with the schooling of 15-24 year old girls and boys on the basis of sex and age distribution using the 1987 Census data. The results obtained show that: (1) More equitable schooling opportunities for boys and girl are available in households led by women than those headed by men, even though there still exists a comparative preference for boys. (2) The presence and number of 0-5 year old children is likely to reduce the schooling of girls and particularly in households led by women; (3) The number of children (girls and boys) of school age especially when they are bachelors, is rather very positively correlated to the schooling of both girls and boys in households led by men as well as by women. This tends to invalidate the theory of "quantity/quality trade-off" which sustains that households with a lot of children invest less in each child (human capital) than those with less children; (4) The presence and number of adult and old women tends to encourage systematically the schooling of boys and girls and are a proof of the "substitutability" between women and children, specifically girls in taking up domestic works. On the contrary, the presence and number of men only tends to encourage the schooling of male children to the disadvantage of girls, except when the households are headed by women. Therefore, Cameroonian households tend to make gender considerations when educating their children.Cette \ue9tude examine comment les m\ue9nages camerounais se comportent en mati\ue8re de scolarisation des filles et des gar\ue7ons de 15-24 ans selon leur composition par sexe et par \ue2ge, \ue0 partir des donn\ue9es du recensement de 1987. Il en ressort notamment que: (1) La scolarisation est mieux assur\ue9e, et de fa\ue7on moins in\ue9galitaire, par les m\ue9nages dirig\ue9s par des femmes (MDF) que par ceux dirig\ue9s par des hommes (MDH), mais toujours davantage au profit des gar\ue7ons; (2) La pr\ue9sence et le nombre d'enfants en bas \ue2ge affectent essentiellement la scolarisation des filles et davantage dans les MDF; (3) Le nombre d'enfants scolarisables (filles ou gar\ue7ons), notamment c\ue9libataires, est plut\uf4t tr\ue8s positivement associ\ue9, tant \ue0 la scolarisation des filles qu'\ue0 celle des gar\ue7ons et aussi bien dans les MDH que dans les MDF et tend ainsi \ue0 infirmer la th\ue9orie de la "quantity/quality trade-off" selon laquelle les familles ayant beaucoup d'enfants investissent moins dans chaque enfant (capital humain) que celles qui en ont peu; (4) La pr\ue9sence et le nombre de femmes adultes et \ue2g\ue9es tendent \ue0 favoriser syst\ue9matiquement la scolarisation tant f\ue9minine que masculine et t\ue9moigne de la "substituabilit\ue9" des femmes et des enfants, et notamment des filles, dans l'accomplissement des t\ue2ches domestiques. Par contre, la pr\ue9sence et le nombre d'hommes ne favorisent tout au plus que la scolarisation masculine et r\ue9duisent syst\ue9matiquement celle des filles, sauf dans les MDF. Bref, les relations de genre structurent grandement les comportements des m\ue9nages camerounais en mati\ue8re de scolarisation des enfants

    Parallélisme et robustesse des solveurs hybrides pour grands systÚmes linéaires : Application à l'optimisation en dynamique des fluides

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    This thesis presents a set of numerical schemes that aim at solving large linear systems on parallel computers. The proposed approaches are part of a hybrid scheme where the direct and iterative methods are combined through domain decomposition techniques. The initial problem is first divided into subproblems by partitioning the coefficient graph of the system. The Schwarz-based methods are then used as preconditioners for GMRES-based Krylov methods. We first consider a hybrid scheme using an explicit formulation of the multiplicative Schwarz preconditioner. We define two levels of data parallelism : the first level has been used to parallelize the GMRES method at the global level; we introduce the second level to solve the subsystems induced by the Schwarz preconditioner through a parallel direct method. We show that this splitting guarantee a certain robustness in the global hybrid approach by reducing the total number of partitions. Moreover, this approach enables a better usage of CPU resources allocated inside a compute node. Then we study the convergence and the parallelism in the GMRES method which is used as the global accelerator in the hybrid method. The general observation is that the number of iterations in that method increases very fast with the number of partitions in the hybrid solver, and so the total CPU time. To limit this effect, we propose several implementations of the GMRES method with the deflation methods. These approaches formulate a deflation process either as an adaptive preconditioner or an augmented subspace basis technique. We show the usefulness of these approaches in their ability to limit the influence of the right choice of the Krylov basis size, and thus to avoid the stagnation of the global hybrid solver. Moreover, these approaches are very efficient to reduce the memory usage as well as the global CPU time and also the exchanged MPI messages between the working processors. The benefits are given throughout this thesis on moderate to large linear systems arising from several applications fields, and mainly from design optimisation in computational fluid dynamics.Cette thÚse présente un ensemble de routines pour la résolution des grands systÚmes linéaires creuses sur des architectures parallÚles. Les approches proposées s'inscrivent dans un schéma hybride combinant les méthodes directes et itératives à travers l'utilisation des techniques de décomposition de domaine. Dans un tel schéma, le problÚme initial est divisé en sous-problÚmes en effectuant un partitionnement du graphe de la matrice coefficient du systÚme. Les méthodes de Schwarz sont ensuite utilisées comme outils de préconditionnements des méthodes de Krylov basées sur GMRES. Nous nous intéressons tout d'abord au schéma utilisant un préconditionneur de Schwarz multiplicatif. Nous définissons deux niveaux de parallélisme: le premier est associé à GMRES préconditionné sur le systÚme global et le second est utilisé pour résoudre les sous-systÚmes à l'aide d'une méthode directe parallÚle. Nous montrons que ce découpage permet de garantir une certaine robustesse à la méthode en limitant le nombre total de sous-domaines. De plus, cette approche permet d'utiliser plus efficacement tous les processeurs alloués sur un noeud de calcul. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à la convergence et au parallélisme de GMRES qui est utilisée comme accélerateur global dans l'approche hybride. L'observation générale est que le nombre global d'itérations, et donc le temps de calcul global, augmente avec le nombre de partitions. Pour réduire cet effet, nous proposons plusieurs versions de GMRES basés sur la déflation. Les techniques de déflation proposées utilisent soit un préconditionnement adaptatif soit une base augmentée. Nous montrons l'utilité de ces approches dans leur capacité à limiter l'influence du choix d'une taille de base de Krylov adaptée, et donc à éviter une stagnation de la méthode hybride globale. De plus, elles permettent de réduire considérablement le coût mémoire, le temps de calcul ainsi que le nombre de messages échangés par les différents processeurs. Les performances de ces méthodes sont démontrées numériquement sur des systÚmes linéaires de grande taille provenant de plusieurs champs d'application, et principalement de l'optimisation de certains paramÚtres de conception en dynamique des fluides

    Parallelism and robustness in GMRES with the Newton basis and the deflated restarting

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    The GMRES iterative method is widely used as Krylov subspace accelerator for solving sparse linear systems when the coefficient matrix is nonsymmetric and indefinite. The Newton basis implementation has been proposed on distributed memory computers as an alternative to the classical approach with the Arnoldi process. The aim of our work here is to introduce a modification based on deflation techniques. This approach builds an augmented subspace in an adaptive way to accelerate the convergence of the restarted formulation. In our numerical experiments, we show the benefits of using this implementation with hybrid direct/iterative methods to solve large linear systems.La méthode GMRES est largement utilisée comme accélérateur de type Krylov pour résoudre les systÚmes linéaires creux lorsque la matrice est non symétrique et non défini. Sur les architectures distribuées, l'implémentation avec une base de Newton a été proposée comme alternative à l'approche classique basée sur le procédé d'Arnoldi. Le but de ce travail est d'introduire une nouvelle modification basée sur les techniques de déflation. Dans cette approche, nous construisons de façon adaptive une base de Krylov augmentée pour réduire les effets du redemarrage dans GMRES. Les expériences numériques montrent les avantages de notre implémentation dans un contexte direct/iteratif pour résoudre de grands systÚmes linéaires

    Modélisation, simulation et caractérisation électrique de cellule mémoire DRAM 1T : A2RAM

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    With the growing of IOTs we need specific embedded memory which will be easily implemented in IOTs applications. This memory has to respect specific requirements; like: simple operation mode, high density, low power consumption, low cost. One memory which can fill all these requirements is the DRAM. The DRAM has been proposed for the first time in 1968 in its traditional architecture called 1T/1C-DRAM; but the main problem with this architecture is its low density of integration due to the limite on the scalability of the capacitor. That is why one has introduced new architectures of DRAM with no capacitor: we call them 1T-DRAM. Here the transistor is used to store and read the information. In the literature we can find many 1T-DRAM architectures, but the purpose of this thesis is to study the A2RAM, in order to see if it can be used as an embedded DRAM.Avec la croissance de transfert de donnĂ©es, principalement Ă  cause des applications de type internet des objets, il y a un besoin accru de systĂšme de stockage (mĂ©moires). L’idĂ©ale est d’avoir une mĂ©moire spĂ©cifique qui sera facilement intĂ©grĂ©e dans ces applications. Cette mĂ©moire doit respecter des exigences spĂ©cifiques telles que : une simplicitĂ© du mode de fonctionnement, une grande densitĂ© d’intĂ©gration, une faible consommation Ă©lectrique, et bas coĂ»t de fabrication. Une mĂ©moire capable de rĂ©pondre Ă  toutes ces exigences n’existe pas, mais une architecture mĂ©moire qui se rapproche des ces critĂšres est la cellule mĂ©moire dynamique (DRAM) intĂ©grĂ©e (eDRAM). La DRAM a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e pour la premiĂšre fois en 1968 dans son architecture traditionnelle 1T/1C-DRAM oĂč le transistor sert de point d’accĂšs et la capacitĂ© est le point de stockage Ă  l’information. Mais le principal problĂšme de cette architecture est sa faible densitĂ© d'intĂ©gration causĂ©e par la limitation de la miniaturisation de sa capacitĂ© de stockage. Une solution pour contourner cette limitation serait l’utilisation d’architectures DRAM sans capacitĂ© de stockage : on parle de 1T-DRAM. Ici, le transistor est utilisĂ© pour stocker et lire l’information. On trouve dans la littĂ©rature de nombreuses architectures DRAM 1T, mais le but de cette thĂšse est d'Ă©tudier l'A2RAM, afin de voir si elle peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e en tant que DRAM intĂ©grĂ©e

    Memory efficient hybrid algebraic solvers for linear systems arising from compressible flow

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    International audienceThis paper deals with the solution of sparse linear systems arising from design optimization in computational fluid dynamics. In this approach, a linearization of the discretized compressible Navier-Stokes equations is built, in order to evaluate the sensitivity of the entire flow with respect to each design parameter. This requires an efficient and robust parallel linear solver, to generate the exact flow derivatives: from the algebraic decomposition of the input matrix, a hybrid robust direct/iterative solver is generally defined with a Krylov subspace method as accelerator, a domain decomposition method as preconditioner and a direct method as subdomain solver. The goal of this paper is to reduce the memory requirements and indirectly, the computational cost at different steps of this scheme. To this end, we use a grid-point induced block approach for the data storage and the partitioning part, a Krylov subspace method based on the restarted GMRES accelerated by deflation, a preconditioner formulated with the restricted additive Schwarz method and an aerodynamic/turbulent fields split at the subdomain level. Numerical results are presented with industrial test cases to show the benefits of these choices
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