Fecal non-aureus Staphylococci are a potential cause of bovine intramammary infection

The presence of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in bovine rectal feces has recently been described. Similar to other mastitis causing pathogens, shedding of NAS in the environment could result in intramammary infection. The objective of this study was to investigate whether NAS strains present in feces can cause intramammary infection, likely via teat apex colonization. During a cross-sectional study in 5 dairy herds, samples were collected from the habitats quarter milk, teat apices, and rectal feces from 25%, 10%, and 25% of the lactating cows, respectively, with a cow serving as the source of one type of sample only. Samples from clinical mastitis cases were continuously collected during the 1-year study period as well. The 6 most prevalent NAS species, Staphylococcus (S.) chromogenes, S. cohnii, S. devriesei, S. equorum, S. haemolyticus, and S. hominis, were further subtyped by random amplification of polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), when the same NAS species was present in the same herd in the three habitats. For S. chromogenes, S. cohnii, S. devriesei, and S. haemolyticus, the same RAPD type was found in rectal feces, teat apices, and quarter milk, indicating that fecal NAS can infect the mammary gland. For S. hominis and S. equorum, we were unable to confirm the presence of the same RAPD types in the three habitats

The lived experience of fibromyalgia in female patients, a phenomenological study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome with no cure. A thorough understanding of the illness experience is therefore key in the palliative care of patients with this condition. In search for supportive treatments fibromyalgia patients often attend a chiropractor or other manual therapist. Knowledge of the meaning and reality of living with this condition to the patient could be considered essential to any health care practitioner playing a role in the management. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the subjective experience of fibromyalgia, focusing on the personal, occupational and social impact of the condition on patients' lives. This included exploring the patients' views about the future.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study employed descriptive phenomenology and adopted Husserl's concept of transcendental subjectivity or "bracketing". This qualitative study involved semi-structured interviews and was undertaken to obtain rich data that reflected the essence of the participants' experience. Participants consisted of six female volunteers, diagnosed with fibromyalgia by the University Hospital Gent, Belgium. Data were analysed using a thematic framework.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Fibromyalgia pervaded all aspects of life. Four main themes arose from data analysis, namely; the impact of fibromyalgia on patients' occupational and personal life, the impact on their future and aspects of social interaction. Nearly all participants had stopped working, giving rise to feelings of uselessness and loss of identity. Leisure activities were also greatly affected. Fibromyalgia was said to alter family bonds, some of which were reinforced, others were broken. The diagnosis was seen as a relief, marking an end to a period of uncertainty. Participants reported ambivalence in interaction. Despite some positive encounters, frustration arising from perceived incomprehension dominated. Consequently patients preferred not to share their experiences.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The study revealed the negative impact of fibromyalgia on patients' lives as comprising of great complexity and individuality. Several implications for health care practitioners can be extrapolated, including the need of a more efficient diagnostic process and increased education about the fibromyalgia experience. Further studies are required to better clarify the multifaceted nature of living with the condition.</p

Effects of the ‘musicogram’ on children’s musical perception and learning

Learning how to listen to music is important, in order to better understand and appreciate it. Children’s everyday modes of listening are often physically active (i.e. singing, dancing), whereas music teachers generally use more passive approaches. Music pedagogue Jos Wuytack has proposed a strategy for teaching non-musicians (‘Active music listening with the musicogram’), which demands the listener’s both physical and mental participation, before and during the listening activity. Children previously learn the musical materials through performance. They then listen while following a ‘musicogram’, in which musical elements and form are represented through colours, geometric figures and symbols. Empirical observation in schools suggests that this strategy enhances children’s learning and enjoyment of ‘classical’ music. Some studies also indicate the advantages of visual materials to enhance perception of ‘classical’ music in nonmusically trained young people. Although music listening and perception have been extensively researched, specific strategies to teach music listening have got somewhat less attention from researchers. This study investigated the effects of the ‘musicogram’ upon children’s perception and learning of ‘classical’ music. Children from Australia, Belgium and Portugal attended to a lesson taught by the same teacher, in which they listened to the ‘March’ from Tchaikovsky’s ‘Nutcracker Suite’ either with or without the ‘musicogram’. After, they were asked about musical characteristics of the excerpt (form, instruments, and tempo) and their enjoyment for both the music and the lesson.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Early changes in rat diaphragm biology with mechanical ventilation

To better characterize the effects of 24-hour mechanical ventilation on diaphragm, the expression of myogenic transcription factors, myosin heavy chains, and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase pumps was examined in rats. In the diaphragm of mechanically ventilated animals, the mRNA of MyoD, myosin heavy chain-2a and -2b, and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase-1a decreased, whereas myogenin mRNA increased. In the diaphragm of anesthetized and spontaneously breathing rats, only the mRNA of MyoD and myosin heavy chain-2a decreased. MyoD and myogenin protein expression followed the changes at the mRNA, whereas the myosin heavy chain isoforms did not change. Parallel experiments involving the gastrocnemius were performed to assess the relative contribution of muscle shortening versus immobilization-induced deconditioning on muscle regulatory factor expression. Passive shortening produced no additional effects compared with immobilization-induced deconditioning. The overall changes followed a remarkably similar pattern except for MyoD protein expression, which increased in the gastrocnemius and decreased in the diaphragm while its mRNA diminished in both muscles. The early alterations in the expression of muscle protein and regulatory factors may serve as underlying molecular basis for the impaired diaphragm function seen after 24 hours of mechanical ventilation. Whether immobilization-induced deconditioning and/or passive shortening play a role in these alterations could not be fully unraveled

Design of multimedia processor based on metric computation

Media-processing applications, such as signal processing, 2D and 3D graphics rendering, and image compression, are the dominant workloads in many embedded systems today. The real-time constraints of those media applications have taxing demands on today's processor performances with low cost, low power and reduced design delay. To satisfy those challenges, a fast and efficient strategy consists in upgrading a low cost general purpose processor core. This approach is based on the personalization of a general RISC processor core according the target multimedia application requirements. Thus, if the extra cost is justified, the general purpose processor GPP core can be enforced with instruction level coprocessors, coarse grain dedicated hardware, ad hoc memories or new GPP cores. In this way the final design solution is tailored to the application requirements. The proposed approach is based on three main steps: the first one is the analysis of the targeted application using efficient metrics. The second step is the selection of the appropriate architecture template according to the first step results and recommendations. The third step is the architecture generation. This approach is experimented using various image and video algorithms showing its feasibility

Towards core outcome set (COS) development: a follow-up descriptive survey of outcomes in Cochrane reviews

BACKGROUND: A core outcome set (COS) can address problems of outcome heterogeneity and outcome reporting bias in trials and systematic reviews, including Cochrane reviews, helping to reduce waste. One of the aims of the international Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) Initiative is to link the development and use of COS with the outcomes specified and reported in Cochrane reviews, including the outcomes listed in the summary of findings (SoF) tables. As part of this work, an earlier exploratory survey of the outcomes of newly published 2007 and 2011 Cochrane reviews was performed. This survey examined the use of COS, the variety of specified outcomes, and outcome reporting in Cochrane reviews by Cochrane Review Group (CRG). To examine changes over time and to explore outcomes that were repeatedly specified over time in Cochrane reviews by CRG, we conducted a follow-up survey of outcomes in 2013 Cochrane reviews. METHODS: A descriptive survey of outcomes in Cochrane reviews that were first published in 2013. Outcomes specified in the methods sections and reported in the results section of the Cochrane reviews were examined by CRG. We also explored the uptake of SoF tables, the number of outcomes included in these, and the quality of the evidence for the outcomes. RESULTS: Across the 50 CRGs, 375 Cochrane reviews that included at least one study specified a total of 3142 outcomes. Of these outcomes, 32 % (1008) were not reported in the results section of these reviews. For 23 % (233) of these non-reported outcomes, we did not find any reason in the text of the review for this non-report. Fifty-seven percent (216/375) of reviews included a SoF table. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of specified outcomes that were reported in Cochrane reviews had increased in 2013 (68 %) compared to 2007 (61 %) and 2011 (65 %). Importantly, 2013 Cochrane reviews that did not report specified outcomes were twice as likely to provide an explanation for why the outcome was not reported. There has been an increased uptake of SoF tables in Cochrane reviews. Outcomes that were repeatedly specified in Cochrane reviews by CRG in 2007, 2011, and 2013 may assist COS development. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0060-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users