Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) Model Description and User's Manual

The evolution of the Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) is outlined in the "Model Development Background" section of Chapter 1 of this report. The model was developed in conjunction with a series of university research projects sponsored by the Texas Water Resources Institute, U.S. Geological Survey, Brazos River Authority, Texas Advanced Technology Program, Texas Water Development Board, and Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. W. Brian Walls, David D. Dunn, Anil R. Yerramreddy, and Gerardo Sanchez-Torres addressed various aspects of model develop- ment and application in their thesis and dissertation research as graduate students in the Civil Engineering Department at Texas A&M University. The revised October 1996 as well as the original March 1993 editions of this report document a modeling package consisting of three computer programs called WRAP2, WRAP3, and TABLES. The October 1996 edition of the software and documentation reflect the following revisions to the March 1993 version. * A watershed flow option has been added to WRAP2 and WRAP3 to supplement the control point approach for defining the location of system components and inputting naturalized streamflows. Flows at water right locations are computed as a function of the flows at control points provided as input. A flexible methodology is incorporated in the model that allows streamflows at water rights sites to be expressed as a function of control point flows optionally using information ranging from simple drainage area ratios to more complex relationships. * Dimension limits were changed to increase the maximum number of control points from 50 to 200. The maximum number of water rights and reservoirs was decreased from 2,000 to 1,700. The new watershed flow option allows up to 200 water rights sites in addition to the control point locations. Any of the dimension limits can be easily changed in the future as needed for particular applications. * Minor revisions to program TABLES include adding means in most of the tables and refining several headings. * Numerous minor refinements were made throughout this report to update or clarify the presen- tation. * "Appendix G: Guidelines for Developing WRAP Input" is a new addition to the report

A Model for Solving the Optimal Water Allocation Problem in River Basins with Network Flow Programming When Introducing Non-Linearities

[EN] The allocation of water resources between different users is a traditional problem in many river basins. The objective is to obtain the optimal resource distribution and the associated circulating flows through the system. Network flow programming is a common technique for solving this problem. This optimisation procedure has been used many times for developing applications for concrete water systems, as well as for developing complete decision support systems. As long as many aspects of a river basin are not purely linear, the study of non-linearities will also be of great importance in water resources systems optimisation. This paper presents a generalised model for solving the optimal allocation of water resources in schemes where the objectives are minimising the demand deficits, complying with the required flows in the river and storing water in reservoirs. Evaporation from reservoirs and returns from demands are considered, and an iterative methodology is followed to solve these two non-network constraints. The model was applied to the Duero River basin (Spain). Three different network flow algorithms (Out-of-Kilter, RELAX-IVand NETFLO) were used to solve the allocation problem. Certain convergence issues were detected during the iterative process. There is a need to relate the data from the studied systems with the convergence criterion to be able to find the convergence criterion which yields the best results possible without requiring a long calculation time.We thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia, CICYT) for funding the projects INTEGRAME (contract CGL2009-11798) and SCARCE (program Consolider-Ingenio 2010, project CSD2009-00065). We also thank the European Commission (Directorate-General for Research & Innovation) for funding the project DROUGHT-R&SPI (program FP7-ENV-2011, project 282769). And last, but not least, to the Fundacion Instituto Euromediterraneo del Agua with the project "Estudio de Adaptaciones varias del modelo de optimizacion de gestiones de recursos hidricos Optiges".Haro Monteagudo, D.; Paredes Arquiola, J.; Solera Solera, A.; Andreu Álvarez, J. (2012). A Model for Solving the Optimal Water Allocation Problem in River Basins with Network Flow Programming When Introducing Non-Linearities. Water Resources Management. 26(14):4059-4071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0129-7S405940712614Ahuja R, Magnanti T, Orlin J (1993) Network flows: theory, algorithms and applications. Prentice Hall, New YorkAndreu J, Capilla J, Sanchís E (1996) AQUATOOL, a generalized decision-support system for water resources planning and operational management. 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J Water Resour Plan Manag 124:69–78Harou JJ, Medellín-Azuara J, Zhu T et al (2010) Economic consequences of optimized water management for a prolonged, severe drought in California. Water Resour Res 46:W05522Hsu N, Cheng K (2002) Network Flow Optimization Model for Basin-Scale Water Supply Planning. J Water Resour Plan Manag 128:102–112Ilich N (1993) Improvement of the return flow allocation in the Water Resources Management Model of Alberta Environment. Can J Civ Eng 20:613–621Ilich N (2009) Limitations of network flow algorithms in river basin modeling. J Water Resour Plan Manag 135:48–55Kennington JL, Helgason RV (1980) Algorithms for network programming. John Wiley and Sons, New YorkKhaliquzzaman, Chander S (1997) Network flow programming model for multireservoir sizing. J Water Resour Plan Manag 123:15–21Kuczera G (1989) Fast Multireservoir Mulltiperiod Linear Programming Models. Water Resour Res 25:169–176Kuczera G (1993) Network linear programming codes for water-supply headworks modeling. J Water Resour Plan Manag 119:412–417Labadie J (2004) Optimal operation of multireservoir systems: state-of-the-art review. J Water Resour Plan Manag 130:93–111Labadie J (2006) MODSIM: river basin management decision support system. In: Singh W, Frevert D (eds) Watershed models. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 569–592Labadie J, Baldo M, Larson R (2000) MODSIM: decision support system for river basin management. Documentation and user manual. Dept. Of Civil Engineering, CSU, Fort CollinsManca A, Sechi G, Zuddas P (2010) Water supply network optimisation using equal flow algorithms. Water Resour Manag 24:3665–3678MMA (2000) Libro blanco del agua en España. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Secretaría general Técnica, Centro de PublicacionesMMA (2008) Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero. Memoria 2008. http://www.chduero.es/Inicio/Publicaciones/tabid/159/Default.aspx . Last accessed 25 June 2012Perera B, James B, Kularathna M (2005) computer software tool REALM for sustainable water allocation and management. J Environ Manag 77:291–300Rani D, Moreira M (2010) Simulation-optimization modeling: a survey and potential application in reservoir systems operation. Water Resour Manag 24:1107–1138Reca J, Roldán J, Alcaide M, López R, Camacho E (2001a) Optimisation model for water allocation in deficit irrigation systems I. Description of the model. Agric Water Manag 48:103–116Reca J, Roldán J, Alcaide M, López R, Camacho E (2001b) Optimisation model for water allocation in deficit irrigation systems II. Application to the Bembézar irrigation system. Agric Water Manag 48:117–132Sechi G, Zuddas P (2008) Multiperiod hypergraph models for water systems optimization. Water Resour Manag 22:307–320Sun H, Yeh W, Hsu N, Louie P (1995) Generalized network algorithm for water-supply-system optimization. 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Design of simple synthetic RNA thermometers for temperature-controlled gene expression in Escherichia coli

RNA thermometers are thermosensors that regulate gene expression by temperature-induced changes in RNA conformation. Naturally occurring RNA thermometers exhibit complex secondary structures which are believed to undergo a series of gradual structural changes in response to temperature shifts. Here, we report the de novo design of considerably simpler RNA thermometers that provide useful RNA-only tools to regulate bacterial gene expression by a shift in the growth temperature. We show that a single small stem-loop structure containing the ribosome binding site is sufficient to construct synthetic RNA thermometers that work efficiently at physiological temperatures. Our data suggest that the thermometers function by a simple melting mechanism and thus provide minimum size on/off switches to experimentally induce or repress gene expression by temperature

Agricultural land use changes – a scenario-based sustainability impact assessment for Brandenburg, Germany

AbstractDecisions for agricultural management are taken at farm scale. However, such decisions may well impact upon regional sustainability. Two of the likely agricultural management responses to future challenges are extended use of irrigation and increased production of energy crops. The drivers for these are high commodity prices and subsidy policies for renewable energy. However, the impacts of these responses upon regional sustainability are unknown. Thus, we conducted integrated impact assessments for agricultural intensification scenarios in the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany, for 2025. One Irrigation scenario and one Energy scenario were contrasted with the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario. We applied nine indicators to analyze the economic, social and environmental effects at the regional, in this case district scale, which is the smallest administrative unit in Brandenburg. Assessment results were discussed in a stakeholder workshop involving 16 experts from the state government.The simulated area shares of silage maize for fodder and energy were 29%, 37% and 49% for the BAU, Irrigation, and Energy scenarios, respectively. The Energy scenario increased bio-electricity production to 41% of the demand of Brandenburg, and it resulted in CO2 savings of up to 3.5milliontons. However, it resulted in loss of biodiversity, loss of landscape scenery, increased soil erosion risk, and increased area demand for water protection requirements. The Irrigation scenario led to yield increases of 7% (rapeseed), 18% (wheat, sugar beet), and 40% (maize) compared to the BAU scenario. It also reduced the year-to-year yield variability. Water demand for irrigation was found to be in conflict with other water uses for two of the 14 districts. Spatial differentiation of scenario impacts showed that districts with medium to low yield potentials were more affected by negative impacts than districts with high yield potentials.In this first comprehensive sustainability impact assessment of agricultural intensification scenarios at regional level, we showed that a considerable potential for agricultural intensification exists. The intensification is accompanied by adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts. The novelty lies in the multiscale integration of comprehensive, agricultural management simulations with regional level impact assessment, which was achieved with the adequate use of indicators. It provided relevant evidence for policy decision making. Stakeholders appreciated the integrative approach of the assessment, which substantiated ongoing discussions among the government bodies. The assessment approach and the Brandenburg case study may stay exemplary for other regions in the world where similar economic and policy driving forces are likely to lead to agricultural intensification

Insensitivity of chloroplast gene expression to DNA methylation

Presence and possible functions of DNA methylation in plastid genomes of higher plants have been highly controversial. While a number of studies presented evidence for the occurrence of both cytosine and adenine methylation in plastid genomes and proposed a role of cytosine methylation in the transcriptional regulation of plastid genes, several recent studies suggested that at least cytosine methylation may be absent from higher plant plastid genomes. To test if either adenine or cytosine methylation can play a regulatory role in plastid gene expression, we have introduced cyanobacterial genes for adenine and cytosine DNA methyltransferases (methylases) into the tobacco plastid genome by chloroplast transformation. Using DNA cleavage with methylation-sensitive and methylation-dependent restriction endonucleases, we show that the plastid genomes in the transplastomic plants are efficiently methylated. All transplastomic lines are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type plants and, moreover, show no alterations in plastid gene expression. Our data indicate that the expression of plastid genes is not sensitive to DNA methylation and, hence, suggest that DNA methylation is unlikely to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of plastid gene expression

Rewiring carotenoid biosynthesis in plants using a viral vector

[EN] Plants can be engineered to sustainably produce compounds of nutritional, industrial or pharmaceutical relevance. This is, however, a challenging task as extensive regulation of biosynthetic pathways often hampers major metabolic changes. Here we describe the use of a viral vector derived from Tobacco etch virus to express a whole heterologous metabolic pathway that produces the health-promoting carotenoid lycopene in tobacco tissues. The pathway consisted in three enzymes from the soil bacteria Pantoea ananatis. Lycopene is present at undetectable levels in chloroplasts of non-infected leaves. In tissues infected with the viral vector, however, lycopene comprised approximately 10% of the total carotenoid content. Our research further showed that plant viruses that express P. ananatis phytoene synthase (crtB), one of the three enzymes of the heterologous pathway, trigger an accumulation of endogenous carotenoids, which together with a reduction in chlorophylls eventually result in a bright yellow pigmentation of infected tissues in various host-virus combinations. So, besides illustrating the potential of viral vectors for engineering complex metabolic pathways, we also show a yellow carotenoid-based reporter that can be used to visually track infection dynamics of plant viruses either alone or in combination with other visual markers.We thank Veronica Aragones and M. Rosa Rodriguez-Goberna for excellent technical assistance. This research was supported by Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) grants BIO2014-54269-R to J.-A.D., and BIO2014-59092-P and BIO2015-71703-REDT to M. R.-C. Financial support from the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2014/021), the Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo (Ibercarot 112RT0445), and the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014SGR-1434) is also acknowledged. E.M. is the recipient of a pre-doctoral fellowship (AP2012-3751) from the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte. B.L. is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship (FPDI-2013-018882) from MINECO.Majer, E.; Llorente, B.; Rodríguez-Concepción, M.; Daros Arnau, JA. (2017). Rewiring carotenoid biosynthesis in plants using a viral vector. Scientific Reports. 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41645S7O’Connor, S. E. Engineering of secondary metabolism. Annu. Rev. Genet. 49, 71–94 (2015).Sainsbury, F. & Lomonossoff, G. P. Transient expressions of synthetic biology in plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 19, 1–7 (2014).Gleba, Y. Y., Tusé, D. & Giritch, A. Plant viral vectors for delivery by Agrobacterium. Curr. Top. Microbiol. 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Diagnostische und therapeutische möglichkeiten des endoskopikers bei erkrankungen der papilla Vateri

La duodénoscopie avec cathétérisme rétrograde des voies bilio-pancréatiques est d'un grand intérêt pour diagnostiquer les affections de la papille. La biopsie ou la brosse à cytologie permettent de reconnaître avec certitude les carcinomes de la papille. Mais lorsqu'ils sont localisés dans les profondeurs de la papille, ils deviennent inaccessibles à la pince à biopsie. La papillotomie endoscopique est une intervention qui permet d'accroître les possibilités de la duodénoscopie. Mais celles-ci doivent être prudemment exploitées par l'endoscopie