What is the Nature of EUV Waves? First STEREO 3D Observations and Comparison with Theoretical Models

One of the major discoveries of the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on SOHO were intensity enhancements propagating over a large fraction of the solar surface. The physical origin(s) of the so-called `EIT' waves is still strongly debated. They are considered to be either wave (primarily fast-mode MHD waves) or non-wave (pseudo-wave) interpretations. The difficulty in understanding the nature of EUV waves lies with the limitations of the EIT observations which have been used almost exclusively for their study. Their limitations are largely overcome by the SECCHI/EUVI observations on-board the STEREO mission. The EUVI telescopes provide high cadence, simultaneous multi-temperature coverage, and two well-separated viewpoints. We present here the first detailed analysis of an EUV wave observed by the EUVI disk imagers on December 07, 2007 when the STEREO spacecraft separation was $\approx 45^\circ$. Both a small flare and a CME were associated with the wave cadence, and single temperature and viewpoint coverage. These limitations are largely overcome by the SECCHI/EUVI observations on-board the STEREO mission. The EUVI telescopes provide high cadence, simultaneous multi-temperature coverage, and two well-separated viewpoints. Our findings give significant support for a fast-mode interpretation of EUV waves and indicate that they are probably triggered by the rapid expansion of the loops associated with the CME.Comment: Solar Physics, 2009, Special STEREO Issue, in pres

Strawberry fruit resistance to simulated handling

Harvest operations are currently the main source of mechanical injury of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Experiments were designed to simulate conditions encountered during commercial handling. Individual fruits were subjected to impact or compression forces with similar energy to determine the sensitivity to mechanical injury. Bruise volume was used as the measurement of injury. Bruise severity increased as a function of impact energy for both impact types. However, dropped fruits had larger bruise volume than fruits submitted to pendulum impactor at the same energy level. Doubling the impact energy (0.040 to 0.083 J) increased bruise volume by 7 times (13 to 91 mm³). Fruits dropped from 380 mm (0.075 J) showed 71% greater bruise volume than those dropped from either 130 mm (0.025 J) or 200 mm (0.040 J). Compressed fruits showed higher bruise volume than other tests. Some cultivars are more susceptible to compression forces than others. 'Sweet Charlie' berries showed bruise volume 40% higher than the others cultivars when subjected to compression. Fruits subjected to impact showed bruise volume lower than the compressed fruits, indicating the possibility to be handled and graded in a packing line.A etapa de colheita é a principal fonte de danos físicos ao morango (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Experimentos foram realizados para simular condições encontradas durante manuseio. Frutos foram submetidos individualmente às forças de impacto e compressão em energias similares para determinar sensibilidade dos frutos a danos físicos. Volume da injúria física foi utilizado para mensurar a incidência do dano físico ocorrido. Severidade da lesão aumenta, com incremento da energia, tanto para força de impacto como para compressão. Todavia, frutos submetidos à queda livre demonstraram maiores volumes de danos físicos do que frutos submetidos a danos ocasionados por pendulo no mesmo nível de energia. Dobrando a energia de impacto (0,040 para 0,083 J) ocorreu aumento no volume da injúria em sete vezes (13 para 91 mm³). Frutos submetidos à queda de 380 mm (0,075 J) demonstraram volumes de danos físicos 71% superiores do que aqueles ocasionados em queda de 130 mm (0,025 J) ou 200 mm (0,040 J). Frutos em teste de compressão mostraram maiores volumes de injúrias físicas do que outros testes. Alguns cultivares são mais sensíveis à força de compressão do que outros. Frutos cultivar 'Sweet Charlie' apresentaram volume de injúria 40% superiores do que outros quando submetidos à força de compressão. Morangos submetidos à força de impacto demonstraram volume de injúria inferior do que aqueles comprimidos, indicando a possibilidade dos morangos serem classificados e manuseados em uma linha de beneficiamento

Neutrino oscillation studies with IceCube-DeepCore

AbstractIceCube, a gigaton-scale neutrino detector located at the South Pole, was primarily designed to search for astrophysical neutrinos with energies of PeV and higher. This goal has been achieved with the detection of the highest energy neutrinos to date. At the other end of the energy spectrum, the DeepCore extension lowers the energy threshold of the detector to approximately 10 GeV and opens the door for oscillation studies using atmospheric neutrinos. An analysis of the disappearance of these neutrinos has been completed, with the results produced being complementary with dedicated oscillation experiments. Following a review of the detector principle and performance, the method used to make these calculations, as well as the results, is detailed. Finally, the future prospects of IceCube-DeepCore and the next generation of neutrino experiments at the South Pole (IceCube-Gen2, specifically the PINGU sub-detector) are briefly discussed

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2,3,4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease

Qualidade pós-colheita do mamão formosa armazenado sob refrigeração Post harvest quality of papaya storage under refrigeration

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade e vida útil pós-colheita do mamão Formosa 'Tainung 01' armazenado sob temperaturas refrigeradas. Os frutos foram provenientes de um plantio comercial no município de Baraúna-RN. O armazenamento ocorreu em câmaras a 8; 10 e 12ºC &plusmn; 1 ºC, mantidas a 90 &plusmn; 5% UR durante os períodos de 7; 14; 21 e 28 dias. Após cada período, os mesmos foram transferidos para a condição ambiente (20 &plusmn; 1ºC 60 &plusmn; 5% UR) onde se simulou um período de prateleira de sete dias. Em seguida, os mamões foram avaliados quanto à aparência externa e interna, coloração da casca, perda de massa e firmeza de polpa. A melhor estimativa para a manutenção da qualidade e aumento da vida útil pós-colheita do mamão Formasa 'Tainung 01' foi observada nos frutos submetidos a 10&deg;C, 90 &plusmn; 5% UR até 20 dias, com boa aparência externa e interna (notas acima de 3,0), desenvolvimento da coloração amarela na casca, firmeza de polpa superior a 20 N e perda de massa de 7%. Os frutos submetidos a 8&deg;C e a 10&deg;C, 90 &plusmn; 5% UR desenvolveram sintomas de danos pelo frio após 21 dias de armazenamento, agravando-se com a extensão do armazenamento. No armazenamento a 12&deg;C, 90 &plusmn; 5% UR, observou-se um amadurecimento acelerado com amolecimento aquoso da polpa a partir de 28 dias. Aos 35 dias, os frutos estavam inaptos para o consumo, havendo grande incidência de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.<br>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the post harvest quality and shelf storage of 'Tainung 01' papaya fruit stored under different refrigerated temperatures. The fruits were from a commercial cultivation in the district of Baraúna-RN-Brazil. The fruits were storied in cold rooms at 8º, 10º and 12ºC &plusmn; 1ºC and 90 &plusmn; 5% RH during the period of 7, 14, 21 e 28 days. After each period, the fruits were put at environmental conditions (20º &plusmn; 1ºC 60 &plusmn; 5% RH) where was simulated a shelf life period for seven days. Then, the papayas were analyzed in relationship to the external and internal appearance, coloration of the skin, mass loss and pulp firmness. The best evaluation for quality maintenance and increase the post harvest usefue life of the ' Tainung 01' papaya was observed in the fruits submitted to 10&deg;C, 90 &plusmn; 5% RH up to 20 days, with good extern and interns appearance (notes above 3,0), development of the yellow coloration in the skin, firmness of superior pulp of 20 N and loss of mass of 7%. The submitted fruits at 8&deg;C and to 10&deg;C, 90 &plusmn; 5% RH developed symptoms of chilling injury after 21 days of storage, becoming worse with the extension of the storage. In the storage to 12&deg;C, 90 &plusmn; 5% RH an accelerated ripening was observed with aqueous softening of the pulp starting from 28 days. On the 35th day, the fruits were inapt for consumption having great incidence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides