Measuring the Spectra of High Energy Neutrinos with a Kilometer-Scale Neutrino Telescope

We investigate the potential of a future kilometer-scale neutrino telescope such as the proposed IceCube detector in the South Pole, to measure and disentangle the yet unknown components of the cosmic neutrino flux, the prompt atmospheric neutrinos coming from the decay of charmed particles and the extra-galactic neutrinos, in the 10 TeV to 1 EeV energy range. Assuming a power law type spectra, $d\phi_\nu/dE_\nu \sim \alpha E_\nu^\beta$, we quantify the discriminating power of the IceCube detector and discuss how well we can determine magnitude ($\alpha$) as well as slope ($\beta$) of these two components of the high energy neutrino spectrum, taking into account the background coming from the conventional atmospheric neutrinos.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figure

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pregnant women regarding COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy in 7 low- and middle-income countries: An observational trial from the Global Network for Women and Children’s Health Research

Objectives: We sought to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant women regarding COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy in seven low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Design: Prospective, observational, population-based study. Settings: Study areas in seven LMICs: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Guatemala, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Kenya and Zambia. Population: Pregnant women in an ongoing registry. Methods: COVID-19 vaccine questionnaires were administered to pregnant women in the Global Network's Maternal Newborn Health Registry from February 2021 through November 2021 in face-to-face interviews. Main outcome measures: Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding vaccination during pregnancy; vaccination status. Results: No women were vaccinated except for small proportions in India (12.9%) and Guatemala (5.5%). Overall, nearly half the women believed the COVID-19 vaccine is very/somewhat effective and a similar proportion believed that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe for pregnant women. With availability of vaccines, about 56.7% said they would get the vaccine and a 34.8% would refuse. Of those who would not get vaccinated, safety, fear of adverse effects, and lack of trust predicted vaccine refusal. Those with lower educational status were less willing to be vaccinated. Family members and health professionals were the most trusted source of information for vaccination. Conclusions: This COVID-19 vaccine survey in seven LMICs found that knowledge about the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine was generally low but varied. Concerns about vaccine safety and effectiveness among pregnant women is an important target for educational efforts to increase vaccination rates

Data from: The interaction between the spatial distribution of resource patches and population density: consequences for intra-specific growth and morphology

1. How individuals within a population distribute themselves across resource patches of varying quality has been an important focus of ecological theory. The ideal free distribution predicts equal fitness amongst individuals in a 1 : 1 ratio with resources, whereas resource defence theory predicts different degrees of monopolization (fitness variance) as a function of temporal and spatial resource clumping and population density. 2. One overlooked landscape characteristic is the spatial distribution of resource patches, altering the equitability of resource accessibility and thereby the effective number of competitors. While much work has investigated the influence of morphology on competitive ability for different resource types, less is known regarding the phenotypic characteristics conferring relative ability for a single resource type, particularly when exploitative competition predominates. 3. Here we used young-of-the-year rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to test whether and how the spatial distribution of resource patches and population density interact to influence the level and variance of individual growth, as well as if functional morphology relates to competitive ability. Feeding trials were conducted within stream channels under three spatial distributions of nine resource patches (distributed, semi-clumped and clumped) at two density levels (9 and 27 individuals). 4. Average trial growth was greater in high-density treatments with no effect of resource distribution. Within-trial growth variance had opposite patterns across resource distributions. Here, variance decreased at low-population, but increased at high-population densities as patches became increasingly clumped as the result of changes in the levels of interference vs. exploitative competition. Within-trial growth was related to both pre- and post-trial morphology where competitive individuals were those with traits associated with swimming capacity and efficiency: larger heads/bodies/caudal fins and less angled pectoral fins. 5. The different degrees of within-population growth variance at the same density level found here, as a function of spatial resource distribution, provide an explanation for the inconsistencies in within-site growth variance and population regulation often noted with regard to density dependence in natural landscapes

DataJacobsonetal2015

This file contains the mass and growth metrics as well as length and size variables and pre- and post-trial partial warps for all individuals, with the treatment, week and channel in which they participated indicated. Also present is the information garnered from feeding videos, spatial resource patch use and number of observed chases

Avaliação dos efeitos da cobertura de palha de cana-de-açúcar na umidade e na perda de água do solo Evaluation of the effects of sugarcane straw coverage in moisture and water loss of soil

No período de 23 de junho a 23 de julho de 2006, nas condições edafoclimáticas da região de Araras - SP, estudou-se a influência da cobertura de palha de cana-de-açúcar colhida mecanicamente nos valores da umidade volumétrica de um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, distrófico, A moderado, de textura argilosa. A variação da umidade volumétrica do solo foi avaliada nas camadas de 0 a 0,20 m e 0,20 a 0,40 m de profundidade. Os tratamentos consistiram na cobertura do solo com quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar equivalentes a 0 e 1,5 kg m-2 (0 e 1,5 10(4) kg ha-1); o primeiro tratamento representando a condição sem palha, e o segundo, a condição com palha. Os resultados coletados na camada de 0-0,20 m mostraram que, no período estudado houve redução dos valores da umidade volumétrica do solo de 0,103% por dia, na condição com palha, e de 0,223% por dia, na condição sem palha, mais do que o dobro em relação à primeira condição. Quando se considerou a camada de 0,20-0,40 m, a diminuição dos valores da umidade volumétrica do solo foi bem menor do que a verificada na situação anterior, da ordem de 0,116% por dia, na condição com palha e de 0,159% por dia, na condição sem palha. Um ponto importante a ser destacado é que os tratamentos utilizados no experimento tiveram influência decisiva no sentido do movimento da água no solo.<br>In the period from June 23 to July 23, 2006, in the regional environment of Araras-SP, it was studied the influence of sugarcane straw coverage harvested mechanically in water content of a dystrophic dark-red Latosol, A moderate and clayey texture. The variation of volumetric water content of soil in these plots was assessed in layers of 0 to 0.20 m and 0.20 to 0.40 m deep. The experimental treatments consisted of covering the soil with quantities of sugarcane straw equivalent to 0 and 1.5 kg.m-2 (0 and 1.5x10(4) kg.ha-1), the first representing the condition without straw and the second condition with straw . The results collected in the 0-0.20 m layer showed that during the study period there was a decrease in soil water content of 0.103% per day provided with straw and 0.223% per day without straw, or more than double the water loss recorded previously. When it was considered the soil layer of 0.20-0.40 m, the decrease in soil water content was much lower than that of the previous situation, the order of 0.116% per day provided with straw and 0.159% per day without straw. An important point to note is that the treatments used in the experiment had a decisive influence on the direction of water movement in the soil

TGF-β signalling defect is linked to low CD39 expression on regulatory T cells and methotrexate resistance in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune arthropathy characterized by chronic articular inflammation. Methotrexate (MTX) remains the first-line therapy for RA and its anti-inflammatory effect is associated with the maintenance of high levels of extracellular adenosine (ADO). Nonetheless, up to 40% of RA patients are resistant to MTX treatment and this is linked to a reduction of CD39 expression, an ectoenzyme involved in the generation of extracellular ADO by ATP metabolism, on circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, the mechanism mediating the reduction of CD39 expression on Tregs is unknown. Here we demonstrated that the impairment in TGF-β signalling lead to the reduction of CD39 expression on Tregs that accounts for MTX resistance. TGF-β increases CD39 expression on Tregs via the activation of TGFBRII/TGFBRI, SMAD2 and the transcription factor CREB, which is activated in a p38-dependent manner and induces CD39 expression by promoting ENTPD1 gene transcription. Importantly, unresponsive patients to MTX (UR-MTX) show reduced expression of TGFBR2 and CREB1 and decreased levels of p-SMAD2 and p-CREB in Tregs compared to MTX-responsive patients (R-MTX). Furthermore, RA patients carrying at least one mutant allele for rs1431131 (AT or AA) of the TGFBR2 gene are significantly (p = 0.0006) associated with UR-MTX. Therefore, we have uncovered a molecular mechanism for the reduced CD39 expression on Tregs, and revealed potential targets for therapeutic intervention for MTX resistance