Ausbildung von Rettungspersonal: Worin und wozu?

Zusammenfassung: Für viele an und für sich akzeptierte Interventionen in der Notfallmedizin fehlt die wissenschaftliche Evidenz. Das erschwert zwangsläufig die Ausbildungsinhalte des eingesetzten Personals. Rettungssanitäter werden in der Schweiz in allen lebensrettenden Basismaßnahmen ausgebildet, können aber in delegierter Kompetenz auch gewisse ärztliche Interventionen ausführen. Für Notärzte gilt, dass nur erfahrene und gut ausgebildete Kliniker im Rahmen eines strukturierten Weiterbildungsprogramms, respektive nach dessen Abschluss zum Einsatz kommen sollen, was dann aufgrund ihrer Entscheidungskompetenz und Teamleitungsfunktion auch in ethischen Spannungsfeldern vorteilhaft is

Instantaneous Normal Mode Analysis of Supercooled Water

We use the instantaneous normal mode approach to provide a description of the local curvature of the potential energy surface of a model for water. We focus on the region of the phase diagram in which the dynamics may be described by the mode-coupling theory. We find, surprisingly, that the diffusion constant depends mainly on the fraction of directions in configuration space connecting different local minima, supporting the conjecture that the dynamics are controlled by the geometric properties of configuration space. Furthermore, we find an unexpected relation between the number of basins accessed in equilibrium and the connectivity between them.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Urinary iodine concentration during pregnancy in an area of unstable dietary iodine intake in Switzerland

We prospectively investigated urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in pregnant women and in female, non-pregnant controls in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, in 1992. Mean UIC of pregnant women [205±151 μg iodine/g creatinine (μg I/g Cr); no.=153] steadily decreased from the first (236±180 μg I/g Cr; no.=31) to the third trimester (183±111 μg I/g Cr, p<0.0001; no.=66) and differed significantly from that of the control group (91±37 μg I/g Cr, p<0.0001; no.=119). UIC increased 2.6-fold from levels indicating mild iodine deficiency in controls to the first trimester, demonstrating that high UIC during early gestation does not necessarily reflect a sufficient iodine supply to the overall population. Pregnancy is accompanied by important alterations in the regulation of thyroid function and iodine metabolism. Increased renal iodine clearance during pregnancy may explain increased UIC during early gestation, whereas increased thyroidal iodine clearance as well as the iodine shift from the maternal circulation to the growing fetal-placental unit, which both tend to lower the circulating serum levels of inorganic iodide, probably are the causes of the continuous decrease of UIC over the course of pregnancy. Mean UIC in our control group, as well as in one parallel and several consecutive investigations in the same region in the 1990s, was found to be below the actually recommended threshold, indicating a new tendency towards mild to moderate iodine deficiency. As salt is the main source of dietary iodine in Switzerland, its iodine concentration was therefore increased nationwide in 1998 for the fourth time, following increases in 1922, 1965 and 198

Dynamics and manipulation of entanglement in coupled harmonic systems with many degrees of freedom

Published versio

Search for the b --> d gamma process

We report the results of a search for the flavor-changing neutral current process b --> d gamma using a sample of 275 million B meson pairs accumulated by the Belle detector at KEKB. We find no significant signal for the exclusive decays B- --> rho- gamma, B0B --> rho0 gamma, or B0B --> omega gamma. Assuming an isospin relation between the three modes, we set an upper limit for the combined branching fraction Br(B --> (rho,omega) gamma) < 1.4 x 10-6 at the 90% confidence level. This limit can be used to constrain the ratio of CKM matrix elements |Vtd/Vts|.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. D (RC

Observation of a near-threshold omega-J/psi mass enhancement in exclusive B-->K omega J/psi decays

We report the observation of a near-threshold enhancement in the omega-J/psi invariant mass distribution for exclusive B-->K omega J/psi decays. The results are obtained from a 253 fb-1 data sample that contains 275 million BB-bar meson pairs that were collected near the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric energy e+e- collider. The statistical significance of the omega-J/psi mass enhancement is estimated to be greater than 8 sigma.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letter

Observation of B+ -> proton Lambdabar gamma

We report the first observation of the radiative hyperonic B decay B+ -> proton Lambdabar gamma, using a 140 fb-1 data sample recorded on the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric energy e+e- collider. The measured branching fraction is B(B+ -> proton Lambdabar gamma) = (2.16 ^{+0.58}_{-0.53} +- 0.20) times 10^{-6}. A search for B+ -> proton Sigmabar gamma yields no significant signal, so we set a 90% confidence-level upper limit on the branching fraction of B(B+ -> proton Sigmabar gamma) < 3.3 times 10^{-6}.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, submitted to ICHEP2004, Beijing, Chin

Measurement of Azimuthal Asymmetries in Inclusive Production of Hadron Pairs in e+e- Annihilation at Belle

The Collins effect connects transverse quark spin with a measurable azimuthal dependence in the yield of hadronic fragments around the quark's momentum vector. Using two different reconstruction methods we observe statistically significant azimuthal asymmetries for charged pion pairs in e+e- annihilation at a center-of-mass energy of 10.52 GeV, which can be attributed to a transverse polarization of the primordial quarks. The measurement was performed using a sample of 79 million hadronic events collected with the Belle detector.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Measurement of D0 -> pilnu (Klnu) Form Factors and Absolute Branching Fractions

Using a 282 1/fb data sample collected by the Belle experiment at the KEKB e+e- collider, we study D0 decays to K-l+nu and pi-l+nu final states. The D0 flavor and momentum are tagged through a full reconstruction of the recoiling charm meson and additional mesons from fragmentation. The reconstruction method provides very good resolution in neutrino momentum and in q^2 = (p_l+p_nu)^2. Normalizing to the total number of D0 tags, we measure the absolute branching fractions to be B(D0 -> Klnu) =(3.45 +- 0.07stat +- 0.20syst)% and B(D0 -> pilnu) = (0.255 +- 0.019stat +- 0.016syst)% and the semi-leptonic form factors (within the modified pole model) f+^K(0) = 0.695 +- 0.007stat +- 0.022syst and f+^pi(0) = 0.624 +- 0.020stat +- 0.030syst.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Present state of global wetland extent and wetland methane modelling: methodology of a model inter-comparison project (WETCHIMP)

The Wetland and Wetland CH4 Intercomparison of Models Project (WETCHIMP) was created to evaluate our present ability to simulate large-scale wetland characteristics and corresponding methane (CH4) emissions. A multi-model comparison is essential to evaluate the key uncertainties in the mechanisms and parameters leading to methane emissions. Ten modelling groups joined WETCHIMP to run eight global and two regional models with a common experimental protocol using the same climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) forcing datasets. We reported the main conclusions from the intercomparison effort in a companion paper (Melton et al., 2013). Here we provide technical details for the six experiments, which included an equilibrium, a transient, and an optimized run plus three sensitivity experiments (temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2 concentration). The diversity of approaches used by the models is summarized through a series of conceptual figures, and is used to evaluate the wide range of wetland extent and CH4 fluxes predicted by the models in the equilibrium run. We discuss relationships among the various approaches and patterns in consistencies of these model predictions. Within this group of models, there are three broad classes of methods used to estimate wetland extent: prescribed based on wetland distribution maps, prognostic relationships between hydrological states based on satellite observations, and explicit hydrological mass balances. A larger variety of approaches was used to estimate the net CH4 fluxes from wetland systems. Even though modelling of wetland extent and CH4 emissions has progressed significantly over recent decades, large uncertainties still exist when estimating CH4 emissions: there is little consensus on model structure or complexity due to knowledge gaps, different aims of the models, and the range of temporal and spatial resolutions of the models