IBD risk loci are enriched in multigenic regulatory modules encompassing putative causative genes.

GWAS have identified >200 risk loci for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The majority of disease associations are known to be driven by regulatory variants. To identify the putative causative genes that are perturbed by these variants, we generate a large transcriptome data set (nine disease-relevant cell types) and identify 23,650 cis-eQTL. We show that these are determined by ∼9720 regulatory modules, of which ∼3000 operate in multiple tissues and ∼970 on multiple genes. We identify regulatory modules that drive the disease association for 63 of the 200 risk loci, and show that these are enriched in multigenic modules. Based on these analyses, we resequence 45 of the corresponding 100 candidate genes in 6600 Crohn disease (CD) cases and 5500 controls, and show with burden tests that they include likely causative genes. Our analyses indicate that ≥10-fold larger sample sizes will be required to demonstrate the causality of individual genes using this approach

Amauropelta noveboracensis

Pteridophyte

Phegopteris connectilis

Pteridophyte

Amauropelta noveboracensis

Pteridophyte

2 Aggregations Of Calosoma frigidum (Coleoptera, Carabidae) In Ontario During 1976

Volume: 91Start Page: 155End Page: 15

The Tamaricaceae in the southeastern United States

Volume: 70Start Page: 403End Page: 42

Phegopteris connectilis

Pteridophyte

Somatic Comorbidity in patients with chronic widespread pain in an outpatient secondary care center for rheumatology and rehabilitation in The Netherlands

Background: Comorbidity, defined as one or more additional disease(s) among patients with an index-disease, can affect the treatment and the prognosis of the index disease.1,2 Although numerous studies address the prevalence of somatic complaints in patients with chronic widespread pain (CWP), the prevalence of somatic comorbidity has not been studied in detail in these patients and, more specifically, this prevalence has not been compared to the prevalence in the general population.2 Objectives: First aim was to describe the prevalence of somatic comorbidity in patients with CWP. Second aim was to compare this prevalence with the prevalence rates in the general Dutch population and to describe the risk factor of these comorbidities for patients with CWP. Methods: A cohort study on somatic comorbidity was conducted among 1238 patients with CWP referred to an outpatient secondary care center for rheumatology and rehabilitation in the Netherlands. Data on comorbidity were collected by means of a questionnaire including 15 chronic somatic conditions, adapted from the Health Interview Survey of the Statistics Netherlands.3 Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests and Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR). SMR quantifies the disease risk of a study population compared to the general population. Results: 84% of the subjects reported one or more somatic comorbidities. The most frequently reported comorbidities were migraine (52%), dizziness with falling (24%), hypertension (23%), incontinence (19%) and chronic pulmonary disease (15%). In comparison with the Dutch population, 13 of the 15 somatic comorbidities were significantly (